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Role of Enzymes in Bioremediation of Organic Pollutants
Published in M.H. Fulekar, Bhawana Pathak, Bioremediation Technology, 2020
Smita Chaudhry, Rashmi Paliwal
Aromatic hydrocarbons: Compounds with at least one unsaturated ring system form the basic structure of aromatic hydrocarbons. These compounds contain benzene as the parent hydrocarbon. Certain aromatic compounds containing the two or more fused unsaturated rings are called polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Some aromatic hydrocarbons are chlorinated and extensively used as preservatives and pesticides, such as dichlorobenzene, pentachlorophenol (PCP), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), etc. (Figure 6.2). Aromatic hydrocarbons form a major class of organic contaminants that are thought to cause severe health issues in humans. These issues include carcinogenicity and teratogenicity, and noncancer risks include diabetes, reduced IQ, and behavioral impacts.
Electrochemiluminescent Sensing of Petroleum Contamination at Trace Levels
Published in Edward J. Calabrese, Paul T. Kostecki, Principles and Practices for Petroleum Contaminated Soils, 2019
Brian G. Dixon, John Sanford, Brian W. Swift
The primary objective of this research was to develop an electrochemilumi-nescence (ECL) optrode (by definition an optrode is an optical electrode) system that would be capable of detecting aromatic hydrocarbons in water at concentrations in the low, parts per billion range. A second objective of this research was to use the feasibility studies to design a device which would be durable, dependable, easily transportable, and relatively low in cost. Other objectives were to establish the feasibility for using the novel ECL technique to qualitatively and quantitatively measure the concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons in water.
Toxicology
Published in Martin B., S.Z., of Industrial Hygiene, 2018
Aromatic hydrocarbons are characterized by the presence of the aromatic nucleus. The basic aromatic nucleus is the benzene ring. Aromatic hydrocarbons have enjoyed wide usage as solvents and as chemical intermediates. They are produced chiefly from crude petroleum and to a lesser extent from coal tar. Aromatic hydrocarbons used as solvents include benzene, toluene (methyl benzene), xylene (dimethyl benzene), ethyl benzene, cumene (isopropyl benzene), and styrene (vinyl benzene). They have a characteristic aromatic (sweet) odor.
Experimental investigation of tar recycling in pilot-scale down-draft biomass gasifiers: prospects, operating procedures, process variations, and controls
Published in Biofuels, 2023
Haider A. Al-Rubaye, Jia Yu, Joseph D. Smith, Hasan J. Al-Abedi
Tar is a complex organic mixture of condensable liquids, which are generally considered a byproduct of the coal or biomass gasification processes. Tar will result in 1) the shutdown of gasification facilities, internal combustion engines, and turbines; 2) loss of the heating value of the produced syngas; and 3) environmental pollution due to the toxicity of aromatic hydrocarbons. Gasification processes usually produce a significant amount of tar: around 2 g/Nm3 for downdraft gasifiers [1], 10-15 g/Nm3 for updraft gasifiers [2], and 10 g/Nm3 for circulating fluidized beds (CFB) [3]. However, the maximum concentration of tar for a stable-operated internal combustion engine must be less than 0.1 g/Nm3 [4, 5]. The tar compositions create process inefficiencies, such as pipeline corrosion and blockage, therefore, it must be cleaned from the syngas before feeding it to downstream facilities. Tar removal is considered the most significant challenge for produced syngas utility [6].
Synergistic polymorphic interactions of phase II metabolizing genes and their association toward lung cancer susceptibility in North Indians
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Harleen Kaur Walia, Parul Sharma, Navneet Singh, Siddharth Sharma
Lung cancer is classified as a multifactorial and complicated carcinoma with different heterogeneity, indicating a pathological understanding of the disease. Several genetic and molecular changes establish primary lung cancer and its spread/metastasis.(Coroller et al., 2016) Exposure to the aromatic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, majorly from smoking or occupation, has been a significant reason for carcinogenesis. Other than smoking, several other risk factors such as environmental pollution, alkylating agents, oxidizing agents, and genetic variability determine an individual’s susceptibility to lung tumours.(de Groot and Munden, 2012) Physiologically, the human body has a detoxification system that handles the metabolism of such xenobiotics, including mutagenic and carcinogenic agents that enter the body from various sources.
First lithological and organic geochemical characterization of organic rich mudstones from Shavar Formation, southeast Bulgaria
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Alexander Zdravkov, George Ajdanlijsky, Maya Stefanova, Doris Groß, Yaroslav Dintchev
The fractions of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons were analyzed by a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) Hewlett-Packard 6890 GC system plus HP 5973 MSD equipped with an HP-5 MS column (0.25 mm×30 m×0.25 μ film thickness) and flame ionization detector (300°C). Oven temperature was programmed from 85 to 320ºC with steps of 20ºC/min in the range 85–200°C and at 5ºC/min in the range 200–320°C. Helium was used as carrier gas. The device was set in electron impact mode with a scan rate of 50–650 Da (0.7 sec/scan). The results were processed with Thermo-Fisher Xcalibur software v.1.4. Identification of biomarkers is based on retention time and comparison of mass spectra with published data. The determination of absolute concentrations of biomarkers was done using internal standards (deuterated n-tetracosane for the aliphatic fraction and triethylbenzene for the aromatic fraction).