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Sources of Air Pollution
Published in Subhash Verma, Varinder S. Kanwar, Siby John, Environmental Engineering, 2022
Subhash Verma, Varinder S. Kanwar, Siby John
Hydrocarbons are compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon. They are generally divided into two categories: aliphatic hydrocarbons, which include alkanes (methane), alkenes (olefins) and alkynes; and the group of aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, etc. These are chiefly released into the atmosphere by automobile exhausts, but they are also released into the atmosphere in incinerator smoke, oil refinery fumes and the evaporation of gasoline at service stations. However, at the concentrations usually found in urban air, hydrocarbons cause no adverse effect on human health. Aromatic hydrocarbons are more reactive than aliphatic ones and irritate mucous membranes. The major oxidant produced in photochemical smog is ozone, which is poisonous and smelly. It exists in great abundance under natural conditions in the upper atmosphere. It is likely that combustion and sunlight are involved in the production of ozone. Many other oxidants produced in photochemical smog, particularly peroxyacyl nitrates, cause eye irritation. Oxidants such as peroxyacetyl nitrate and peroxybenzonyl nitrate irritate the nose and throat and cause chest constriction.
Fuels
Published in Kenneth M. Bryden, Kenneth W. Ragland, Song-Charng Kong, Combustion Engineering, 2022
Kenneth M. Bryden, Kenneth W. Ragland, Song-Charng Kong
Chemically, crude oil consists primarily of alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatics. Petroleum fuels also contain alkenes, which are formed during the cracking part of the refining process. A typical gasoline or diesel fuel may consist of 100–300 hydrocarbon species. These species are grouped into different families characterized by their molecular structures. Several typical hydrocarbon families are discussed here, including alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkanes, alcohols, and aromatics.
Energy Use and Environmental Impact
Published in B K Bala, Energy Systems Modeling and Policy Analysis, 2022
With the exception of methane, hydrocarbons as a class are likely to contribute indirectly to global warming through their effect on tropospheric ozone concentrations. Different hydrocarbon species have different life spans in the atmosphere, with some chemicals having life spans of hours or days, while other less reactive molecules remain in the atmosphere longer. Total hydrocarbon emission factors are available and are derived from the US EPA.
Optimal capacity allocation in accordance with renewable energy sources: the US electricity market
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2023
Umut Golbasi, Bilgi Yilmaz, A. Sevtap Selcuk-Kestel
An electric power system is defined as a network of components used to supply, transmit and consume electric power (Qazi 2016). Nearly all components of the electric power system bear upon the choice of electricity generation technology, energy source and electricity transmission, which affect the environment in many ways. Burning hydrocarbon fuels releases greenhouse gases, air pollutants and other wastes. Solid and hazardous wastes are also side products of the system. Producing required steam in electricity generation and providing cooling to generators requires water resources. Discharge of wastes into the water and returning heated water to the originally cooler water body affect the water ecosystem. Additionally, the land use for fuel production, power generation, transmission and distribution lines can be listed in other effects (US EPA 2021a). It is stated that energy-related accounts for 81.5% of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the US, and 27% of GHG emissions is a result of electricity generation (US EIA 2021e). In addition to , there are other hazardous wastes produced by burning fossil resources. The Clean Energy Act of the US and its 1990 amendments require Energy Protection Agency (EPA) to set standards for six common air pollutants: nitrogen oxides (), sulphur dioxide (), lead, carbon monoxide, particulate matter and ground-level ozone (101st Congress (1989-1990), 1990).
Effect of ammonia to reduce emission from biodiesel fuelled diesel engine
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
R. Sivasubramanian, J.B. Sajin, Gokul Omanakuttan Pillai
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that consist of only hydrogen and carbon atoms (Appavu and Venkata Ramanan 2018; Arul Gnana Dhas, Devarajan, and Nagappan 2018). HC emissions for B100, B90A10, B80A20, and diesel are shown in Figure 2. HC emissions from B100, B90A10, B80A20 are lower than diesel. The higher cetane number and oxygen availability of B100, B90A10, B80A20 are responsible for this decrease (Ganesan and Devarajan 2018; Ganesan, Devaraj, and Devarajan 2018a; Ganesan, Sivasubramanian, and Sajin 2018b). HC emissions increase with load. The HC emission for diesel is higher than the neat mustard biodiesel. When the ammonia is included to the biodiesel the CO emission rate is further reduced. By adding 20% of additive ammonia to B100 the Hydrocarbon emission is reduced by 3.9%. This is due to the presence of more oxygen atoms in ammonia (Devarajan, Munuswamy, and Mahalingam 2018; Devarajan et al. 2018d; Yuvarajan, Venkata Ramanan, and Christopher Selvam 2016). The oxygen atom helps in the reduction of hydrocarbon at higher rate when compared to the conventional diesel fuel (Devarjan et al. 2018a, 2018b, 2018c; Justin Abraham Baby, Suresh Babu, and Devarajan 2018; Mahalingam 2018; Mahalingam, Munuswamy, et al. 2018).
Comprehensive review on effects of exhaust gas recirculation on nitrogen oxide emission in various biodiesel and nano additives blends fuelled compression ignition engine
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
S. Charan Kumar, Amit Kumar Thakur, J. Ronald Aseer, Gaurav Dwivedi
The word energy is derived from the Greek word ‘Energeia’. ‘Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy is transformed from one form to another.’ The various sources of energy are classified into renewable sources and nonrenewable sources. The resources which are naturally available and inexhaustible are known as renewable sources such as wind, solar, tidal, hydro, biomass, and geothermal energy, etc. They have less impact on global warming, climate change and are eco-friendly (Sari and Akkaya 2016; Gross, Leach, and Bauen 2003; Owusu and Asumadu-Sarkodie 2016; Panwar, Kaushik, and Kothari 2011; ‘As of November 18, 2020, https://www.gosunpro.com/news/renewable-vs-non-renewable-energy-sources/’). The sources which cannot be regenerated and exhaustible are known as nonrenewable sources such as fossil fuels. Nonrenewable sources have a serious impact on the environment such as air and water pollution, acid rain and greenhouse gases, etc. Among the fossil fuels, crude oil is one of the primary sources for the production of automotive fuels. Crude oil is a dark viscous liquid that is a mixture of many hydrocarbons (a combination of hydrogen and carbon). Hydrocarbons are classified into four types such as paraffin, olefins, naphthenes, and aromatics. Gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, etc. are the byproducts of crude oil. Diesel is obtained from crude oil by fractional distillation.