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Petroleum Wastewater
Published in Arun Kumar, Jay Shankar Singh, Microalgae in Waste Water Remediation, 2021
There are three exposure routes i.e., ingestion, inhalation or dermal (skin) contact by which hydrocarbons affects human health; further their impacts could either be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term).The acute or short term ingestion exposure might cause irritation of the mouth, throat and stomach, and is also responsible for digestive disorders. Further traces of ingested hydrocarbons could reach the lungs, leading to respiratory problems. The chronic ingestion exposure might cause damage to the liver, kidney or gastrointestinal tract. Pathak and Mandalia (2012) suggested that prolonged exposure to aromatics like benzene might be responsible for cancer of the skin, lungs and other areas of the body, even leukaemia.
Alternative Ways of Monitoring Occupational Exposure
Published in S.M. Rappaport, Thomas J. Smith, Exposure Assessment for Epidemiology and Hazard Control, 2020
As mentioned previously, this strategy involves the direct comparison of the largest measured exposure with a limit interpreted as an air concentration not to be exceeded. It is embodied in the wording of OSHA standards; for example, the recent PEL for benzene is defined as follows:8“The employer shall assure that no employee is exposed to an airborne concentration of benzene in excess of … 1 ppm as an 8-hour time-weighted average.”
Histopathological Laboratories
Published in Dag K. Brune, Christer Edling, Occupational Hazards in the Health Professions, 2020
A. O. Myking, E. Røynstrand, O. D. Laerum
The commonly used substances are aromatic compounds or derivatives of benzene.22 While benzene itself because of its hematotoxic side effects should be avoided, its methylated (toluene) and dimethylated compounds (xylene) are widely used. Aliphatic carbohydrates have been suggested as substitutes because of a higher boiling temperature and possibly a lower general toxicity.28,29 However, they have not gained general application and are used in just a few laboratories. Thus, in routine histopathology, organic solvents mean xylene or toluene. Both compounds give excellent results for paraffin embedding, but differ slightly in some physical and chemical properties.
Health risk assessment of volatile organic compounds exposure among nail salon workers in Vietnam
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2022
Huan Minh Tran, Hanh Thi My Bui, Somkiat Thoumsang, Supat Wangwongwatana, Ha Phan Ai Nguyen, Dung Phung
The acute effects of exposure to chemicals among NSW have been described in previous studies. They include central nervous symptoms, irritation, shortness of breath, and confusion (Tran et al. 2020). However, this study focuses on chronic human exposure. Prolonged or repeated exposure to xylene has been reported to damage organs such as kidneys, liver, gastrointestinal tract, nervous system, and lungs (Kandyala et al. 2010). The long-term effects of exposure to benzene are anemia and leukemia (Koh et al. 2015). The prolonged inhaling of toluene may lead to hearing troubles and memory dysfunction (Kopelovich et al. 2015). Although MMA has been banned in some nail products in the USA because of its toxicity (Quach et al. 2011), the typical health effect of this compound is still respiratory sensitization (Borak et al. 2011).
Exposure to benzene and toluene of gasoline station workers in Khon Kaen, Thailand and adverse effects
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2021
Sunisa Chaiklieng, Pornnapa Suggaravetsiri, Norbert Kaminski, Herman Autrup
A previous study in Thailand found that the concentrations of benzene and toluene at a gasoline station were 92.75 ± 16.67 ppb and 195.34 ± 61.04 ppb, respectively (Tunsaringkarn et al. 2012). The concentration of benzene was very close to the occupational exposure limit (OEL) of 100 ppb, set according to the NIOSH recommended exposure limit (REL) (2016), and the toluene concentration compared with the threshold limit value (TLV) of 20 ppm, set by ACGIH (2019), was lower than 1% of the TLV. A study of the air concentrations at a gasoline station in another Asian country, Iran, found that the benzene concentration was 629.17 ± 123.34 ppb, and the toluene concentration was 476.67 ± 29.19 ppb, which were higher than the benzene and toluene concentrations found in Thailand (Chaiklieng et al. 2015, 2019a). Our previous study showed that concentrations of benzene at gasoline stations were found to be higher in the urban and suburban areas of Khon Kaen province, in the northeast of Thailand, compared to those in its rural areas (Chaiklieng et al. 2015).
Overview of biological mechanisms of human carcinogens
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2019
Nicholas Birkett, Mustafa Al-Zoughool, Michael Bird, Robert A. Baan, Jan Zielinski, Daniel Krewski
Benzene is an intermediate in the manufacture of a wide range of organic chemicals. This chemical occurs naturally in petroleum products including gasoline and was used as an additive in non-leaded gasoline to raise the octane rating. Most exposure to benzene occurs through industrial contact. Occupational exposure occurs via inhalation or dermal absorption of solvents in the rubber, paint and parts-manufacturing industries. This compound also occurs during crude-oil refining and chemical manufacturing, a large component of which entails exposure to gasoline. Workers involved in the transport of crude oil and gasoline and in the dispensing of gasoline at service stations, as well as street workers, taxi drivers and others employed at workplaces with exposure to exhaust gases from motor vehicles also experience exposure to benzene. The primary sources of exposure to benzene for the general population are ambient air that contains tobacco smoke, air contaminated with benzene (for example, in areas with heavy traffic, around gasoline filling-stations), consumption of contaminated water, or eating contaminated food. Benzene induces acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL).