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Air quality
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Human health effects from environmental exposure to low levels of PAHs are unknown. Large amounts of naphthalene in air can irritate eyes and breathing passages. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) as carcinogenic to humans. BaP is a common component of combustion products and although emissions of PAHs have decreased 98% since 1990, the use of wood as a domestic fuel has increased in recent years and is estimated to produce 78% of the total national BaP emissions.
Toxicological Chemistry of Chemical Substances
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
Exposure to naphthalene can cause anemia and marked reductions in red cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit in individuals exhibiting genetic susceptibility to these conditions. Naphthalene causes skin irritation or severe dermatitis in sensitized individuals. Headaches, confusion, and vomiting may result from inhalation or ingestion of naphthalene. Death from kidney failure occurs in severe instances of poisoning.
Technical Applicability
Published in Gerard F. Arkenbout, Melt Crystallization Technology, 2021
The production of phthalic anhydride was the main outlet for naphthalene, but this application declined in favor of ortho-xylene through the 1970s. A present large use of naphthalene is as a raw material for the manufacture of 1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate (carbaryl, Sevin). Carbaryl is used extensively as a replacement for DDT and other products that have become environmentally unacceptable. Another major outlet is for the manufacture of 2-naphthalenol (2-naphthol). Two sources of naphthalene exist: coal tar and petroleum. Coal tar is the traditional source. In 1960 the first petroleum-naphthalene plant was brought on stream. From the coal-tar source, a crude 78°C naphthalene product is obtained by fractional distillation of the tar acid-free chemical oil using three different distillation steps.
An overview of selected emerging outdoor airborne pollutants and air quality issues: The need to reduce uncertainty about environmental and human impacts
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2020
Naphthalene is suspected to be carcinogenic (ANSES 2018; Seinfeld and Pandis 2006 and references therein). According to Jia and Batterman (2010), naphthalene ranks at or near the top of those substances posing inhalation cancer risks. The safe limit for inhalation of naphthalene has been established to be 1.8 µg/m3 by the US/EPA (US/EPA 2011) and was exceeded 4.3% of the time according to the only one measurement campaign noted by ANSES (2018). Naphthalene occupies the 11th rank on the priority list of ANSES for the health risk and is likely carcinogenic for humans (ANSES 2018) and approaching guidelines (within one order of magnitude) in Canada more than 5% of the time (Galarneau et al. 2016). Finally, naphthalene is considered toxic under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA 1999). While there are some routine measurements of naphthalene in urban areas, there is little measurement specific sources such as industrial sites and airports.
Characteristics of an improved collector derived from a waste of coal-processing plant for the beneficiation of Indian coking coal fines by froth flotation
Published in International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 2019
Sanjay Chaudhuri, Raja Sen, T. GouriCharan
In the present study, a new flotation reagent is developed from coal tar. Coal tar is one of the important mass products of the carbonization process and the same is considered to be a ‘wonder source’ of organic chemicals as well as varieties of industrial carbon products. Distillation of coal tar yields oil containing about 50% naphthalene along with a mixture of other organic compounds. This oil was washed with aqueous sodium hydroxide to remove the acidic component. The effect of variables such as collector, frother and pulp density has been investigated with the tar distillate fractions as a collector with or without frother on the flotation characteristics of the coal. FTIR (Fourier transform infra red) study of tar fractions and diesel oil was carried out to examine the role of various functional groups and structural aspects in their behavior and performance as collector agent on the flotation process.
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) alleviate naphthalene-triggered oxidative stress and physiological deficiencies in Moringa oleifera
Published in Chemistry and Ecology, 2021
Abdulazeez T. Lawal, Luqmon Azeez, Wasiu K. Sulaiman
The damaging consequences and physiological imbalances of naphthalene toxicity on M. oleifera planted on its different concentrations and plausible modulation of AgNPs were studied. Naphthalene is a two-membered PAH that is toxic to both humans and plants, while long-time exposure may be mutagenic and carcinogenic [7–9].