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Fuels
Published in Kenneth M. Bryden, Kenneth W. Ragland, Song-Charng Kong, Combustion Engineering, 2022
Kenneth M. Bryden, Kenneth W. Ragland, Song-Charng Kong
Figure 2.1 shows typical products from crude oil refineries with the light, more volatile components at the top. Refinery gas consists mainly of hydrogen, methane, ethane, and olefins. Naphtha is a mixture of volatile liquid hydrocarbons that are used as feedstock for other products including gasoline. Petroleum coke is a carbonaceous solid. Some adjustments of the product amounts can be made at the refinery. For example, a particularly cold winter may require more heating fuel, typically resulting in less production of gasoline. Before considering the properties and types of liquid fuels, the molecular structure of various fuel hydrocarbons is reviewed.
Technical View
Published in Eberhard Lucke, Edgar Amaro Ronces, Leveraging Synergies Between Refining and Petrochemical Processes, 2020
Eberhard Lucke, Edgar Amaro Ronces
Naphtha is one of the component groups that forms crude oil and will be separated from the other product groups in the crude oil distillation section of the refinery. This product is also referred to as virgin or straight-run naphtha. Naphtha is also produced as a product from cracking or conversion units that convert heavier, less valuable products into lighter, more valuable streams. The naphtha stream from a conversion unit is also referred to as cracked naphtha or named after the unit it is produced in, for example, Coker naphtha or FCC naphtha.
Introduction to Refining Processes
Published in James G. Speight, Refinery Feedstocks, 2020
As the basic elements of the feedstock, carbon and hydrogen form the main input into a refinery, combining into thousands of individual constituents and the economic recovery of these constituents varies with (i) the individual feedstock and its components, (ii) the particular qualities of each component of the blend, and (iii) the processing facilities of a particular refinery. In general refinery, the feedstock, once refined, yields three basic groupings of products that are produced when it is broken down into cuts or fractions (Parkash, 2003; Gary et al., 2007; Speight, 2011a,b, 2014; Hsu and Robinson, 2017; Speight, 2017). The gas and naphtha fractions form the lower-boiling products and are usually more valuable than the higher-boiling fractions and provide gas (liquefied petroleum gas), naphtha, aviation fuel, motor fuel as well as feedstocks for the petrochemical industry (Speight, 2019a). Naphtha, a precursor to gasoline and solvents, is produced from the light and middle range of distillate cuts (sometimes referred to collectively as light gas oil) and is also used as a feedstock for the petrochemical industry (Speight, 2014, 2019a).
Effect of n-butanol additive on the combustion and emission characteristics of a coal-derived naphtha homogeneous charge compression ignition engine under different parameters
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Ke Yang, Chunhua Zhang, An Lu, Yujia Kang, Xiaowen Yu, Hanwen Wang
Naphtha is a kind of less-processed liquid combustible mixture, which is mainly obtained by primary or secondary processing in refineries from raw materials such as petroleum or coal. Different from conventional fuels, naphtha has a certain octane number as well as a considerable cetane number, which means that it simultaneously has good ignition property and certain anti-knock capacity (Park 2021). As mentioned previously, the problems of knock and hard control of combustion phase greatly limit the operating range of HCCI engines. Moreover, when fuels with high viscosity and low volatility are used in HCCI engines, it is difficult to prepare the homogeneous mixture under cold start conditions whether by port injection or early direct injection. Therefore, naphtha is theoretically a promising fuel for HCCI combustion mode. Currently, there have been few studies on the application of naphtha in HCCI engines.
Quantification of anhydrous ethanol and detection of adulterants in commercial Brazilian gasoline by Raman spectroscopy
Published in Instrumentation Science & Technology, 2019
Andressa Cristina de Mattos Bezerra, Danieli de Oliveira Silva, Gustavo Henrique Machado de Matos, Josuel Pereira dos Santos, Claudio Neves Borges, Landulfo Silveira, Marcos Tadeu Tavares Pacheco
Naphtha is a mixture of hydrocarbons, and its composition depends on the nature of the crude oil and the production process adopted by the refinery. The hydrocarbon composition of the naphtha used to prepare the commercial gasoline may vary depending on these factors. Therefore, the linear model used to estimate the concentration of ethanol in the samples by using the peak at 884 cm−1 needs to account for the intensity of the naphtha peak at 896 cm−1. In samples from the same refinery as the samples from this work, this is not an important issue as naphtha may have similar composition. For samples coming from different sources (different refineries, crude oils, processes to refine/crack the crude oil), the linear model needs to account for the differences in the intensity of this naphtha peak to be subtracted from the intensity of the ethanol peak. The use of PCA to detect possible adulterants can also be dependent on the naphtha composition, since the principal component loadings can show peaks that are related to the differences in the naphtha composition rather than peaks from adulterants. Therefore, the knowledge of the Raman spectra of the common adulterants can be of importance to identify these compounds in the observed loading’s features.
Simulation of pentane plant of Kermanshah oil refinery company
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2019
Babak Aghel, Ashkan Gouran, Muhammad Hamed Razmegir
One of the most important middle products of the crude oil refining industry is Naphtha. This product is used as a feed in petrochemical units, including steam cracker, catalytic conversion, and isomerization to produce reformate and isomerate. It contains hydrocarbons with 5 to 12 carbon atoms, and its boiling point varies from 30 to 200°C. Usually, naphtha is delivered into the market in two types, including light (hydrocarbons with 5 and 6 carbons) and heavy naphtha (hydrocarbons with 6 to 12 carbons). It should also be noted that both light and heavy types can be used as a feed in petrochemical complexes in basic processes, such as steam cracker and catalytic reforming to produce olefins (ethylene, propylene, butadiene, and butylene) and aromatics (benzene, toluene, and xylene).