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Ocean gradient energy: OTEC, DOWA and osmotic power
Published in John Twidell, Renewable Energy Resources, 2021
Fig. 13.1 outlines a system for OTEC; and with a heat engine operating a closed-cycle Rankine process (see also Box 13.1). The working fluid (e.g. ammonia) boils in the ‘evaporator’ at the ∼25°C to ∼30°C temperature of the surface water, so driving a turbine generator for electricity supply. At the turbine's output, the vapor condenses to a recirculated liquid at the ∼5°C temperature of the pumped deep water2. Alternative open-cycle systems have sea water as incoming working fluid, which evaporates at reduced pressure before passing through a turbine. The condensate is ‘distilled water,’ which may be used as both potable and irrigation water. The essential thermodynamic principles and limitations of the open cycle and closed cycle are similar.
Mass and Energy Balances
Published in Martyn S. Ray, Martin G. Sneesby, Chemical Engineering Design Project, 2020
Martyn S. Ray, Martin G. Sneesby
Three pressures of steam are required: low pressure (400 kPa), medium pressure (2000 kPa) and high pressure (6000 kPa). The HP steam, which will be produced by the reactor, will also be superheated to drive turbines for power generation. The exhaust steam from power generation will be used to meet high temperature process heating duties. All condensate will be recycled to save energy and reduce the steam system chemical costs (e.g. utility plant deionisation costs and additives to prevent fouling). Cooling water will only be available from the adjacent Utilities Plant. Therefore, its use will be minimised to reduce dependence on other facilities. Air coolers will be used wherever possible (i.e. if the cold stream outlet temperature is above 35°C).
Consumables
Published in Carl Bozzuto, Boiler Operator's Handbook, 2021
The best way to reduce water waste in a steam plant is to recover the condensate and use it as boiler feed water. There are many reasons for this in addition to saving water. Recovery of condensate recovers heat, eliminating the need to heat cold makeup water before it is fed to the boiler. Condensate is basically distilled water, converted to steam in the boiler and then condensed. It does not require all the pretreatment and chemical treatment needed for fresh makeup water. Recovery of condensate saves money that would be spent on additional fuel, boiler water treatment chemicals, and the additional water required for blowdown to remove the solids brought in by fresh city water.
Effect of the second generation and third generation biofuel blend on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of CI engine
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2020
D. Boopathi, S. Thiyagarajan, V. Edwin Geo, S. Madhankumar
Jatropha oil was procured from the local market in Chennai, India. Pyrolytic distillation of waste tire oil was done using a system as shown in Figure 1. The setup mainly consists of an oil storage flask, a reactor, a condenser and a control unit. The raw material is brought from a collection company of scrap tires in Chennai, India. The collected raw material contains various pieces of scrap tires with different dimensions varying between 1 × 1 × 1 cm3 and 2 × 5 × 9 cm3 respectively. In the reactor, the heat treatment of the waste tires takes place. The reactor is a cylindrical chamber, which is entirely insulated and has a diameter of 180 mm and height of 208 mm. 3 kW electrical heater, which can heat the samples up to 500°C, was placed in the reactor container. The temperature in the reactor is kept at desired levels using the control unit. It is measured using a K-type thermocouple. The oil vaporised in the reactor is cooled using a cross-flow water cooled condenser. The condensate is then collected in the liquid collector. Separate tests were conducted for distilling waste tire oil.
A reliability prediction methodology based on improved radial basis function neural network (RBFNN): a condensate light crude oil stabilization facility as case study
Published in Safety and Reliability, 2021
The Condensate Stabilisation facility is a plant designed to stabilise condensate or reduce its volatility to an appropriate level for storage in atmospheric storage tanks. The term gas condensate (or condensate) is often applied to any liquid composed of low-boiling hydrocarbons produced from a gas well. A summary of the properties is shown in the Table 1.