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The Petrochemical Industry
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
Primary petrochemicals include: (i) olefin derivatives such as ethylene, propylene, and butadiene; (ii) aromatic derivatives such as benzene, toluene, and the isomers of xylene (BTX); and (iii) methanol. However, although petroleum contains different types of hydrocarbon derivatives, not all hydrocarbon derivatives are used in producing petrochemicals. Petrochemical analysis has made it possible to identify some major hydrocarbon derivatives used in producing petrochemicals (Speight, 2015). From the multitude of hydrocarbon derivatives, those hydrocarbon derivatives serving as major raw materials used by petrochemical industries in the production of petrochemicals are: (i) the raw materials obtained from natural gas processing such as methane, ethane, propane, and butane; (ii) the raw materials obtained from petroleum refineries such as naphtha and gas oil; and (iii) the raw materials such as benzene, toluene and the xylene isomers obtained when extracted from reformate (the product of reforming processes through catalysts called catalytic reformers in petroleum refineries (Parkash, 2003; Gary et al., 2007; Speight, 2008, 2014; Hsu and Robinson, 2017; Speight, 2017).
The Natural Gas Process
Published in John M. Studebaker, Effectively Managing Natural Gas Costs, 2020
Natural gas processing consists of separating all of the various hydrocarbons and fluids from the pure natural gas, to produce what is known as ‘pipeline quality’ dry natural gas. Major transportation pipelines usually impose restrictions on the makeup of the natural gas that is allowed into the pipeline. That means that before the natural gas can be transported, it must be purified.
The Natural Gas Flow Process
Published in John Studebaker, Maximizing Energy Savings and Minimizing Costs, 2020
Natural gas processing consists of separating all of the various hydrocarbons and fluids from the pure natural gas, to produce what is known as pipeline quality dry natural gas. Interstate pipelines impose restrictions on the composition of the natural gas that is allowed into the pipeline. Natural gas must be purified before it can be transported.
Carbon-dioxide capture, storage and conversion techniques in different sectors – a case study
Published in International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 2023
Carbon dioxide capture and sequestration (CCS) could assist ethanol and natural gas processing plants, among other businesses. CO2 capture, transportation, and usage are all part of the CCS process for industrial and energy-related sources. Ethylene oxide and ammonia processes, for example, are two petrochemical units that generate high-purity carbon dioxide as a byproduct. This greenhouse gas is also emitted by the petrochemical industry in the form of flaring. There are many ways to reuse hydrocarbon wastes from the petrochemical sector. Water and carbon dioxide are the primary waste products. Carbon dioxide is commonly produced in petrochemical process streams by ethylene and water oxidation, as well as water – gas shift processes. This is actually a byproduct of the ethylene oxide and ammonia processes. Flue gas from burning fuel oil and gas, however, accounts for the majority of carbon dioxide emissions in the petrochemical industry(Takht Ravanchi and Sahebdelfar 2014).
Lifetime sensitivity analysis of FPSO operating parameters on energy consumption and overall oil production in a pre-salt oil field
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2020
Ali Allahyarzadeh-Bidgoli, Daniel Jonas Dezan, Leandro Oliveira Salviano, Silvio de Oliveira Junior, Jurandir Itizo Yanagihara
Liao et al. (2008) used fuzzy logic control applied to the petroleum separation process. The authors also commented that a crucial variable in quality control of the crude oil separation process is the gas-to-liquid ratio, and adjustments in that variable strongly affect the amount of produced oil quality during the separation process. Dalane et al. (2017) presented a review of potential applications of membrane separation for subsea natural gas processing. One of the conclusions of the research was that the process can operate at high pressure to mitigate the requirements for boosting the treated gas. Allahyarzadeh-Bidgoli et al. (2018) optimized the fuel consumption of a Brazilian FPSO for petroleum composition with maximum oil and gas content by using Genetic Algorithm. The optimal operational parameters found by the optimization procedure presented a reduction of 4.6% in fuel consumption and indirectly increased the hydrocarbon liquids production by 1.95% as compared to the baseline operational condition of a Brazilian FPSO plant. In another research, Allahyarzadeh-Bidgoli et al. (2019) optimized FPSO fuel consumption and hydrocarbon liquids recovery for three operating scenarios.
Selective absorption of H2S from CO2 using sterically hindered amines at high pressure
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2019
Hui Li, Lulu Li, Jilei Xu, Yuntao Li
The removal of sour natural gas is a major step in natural gas processing so that the acid gases such as H2S and CO2 are removed from natural gas stream. The acid gases are harmful to environment and destroy the production equipment so that their presence in gas stream leads to corrosion and lowering heating value (Javaid Zaidi 2010; Mansourizadeh and Ismail 2009). Among them, H2S is a poisonous gas with the smell of rotten-egg that corrodes equipment as well as transportation lines and represents therefore a significant safety hazard (Liu et al. 2014). In the case of low heat content fuel gas, the H2S must be removed for environmental reasons but CO2 removal is not essential. There has been an increasing interest in selective removal of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the gas streams containing both H2S and CO2 because the high H2S/CO2 ratio is benefit for the sulfur recovery unit (Saha et al. 1993).