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Natural gas
Published in Peter M. Schwarz, Energy Economics, 2023
The natural gas transported through the transmission pipeline system and used in final product form for heating, cooking, and electricity generation, is pure methane. Raw natural gas, the natural gas that is initially extracted, is primarily methane, but needs to have impurities removed before it can be transported to or used by final customers.
Biomethane Production through Anaerobic Digestion of Lignocellulosic Biomass and Organic Wastes
Published in Sonil Nanda, Prakash K. Sarangi, Biomethane, 2022
Alivia Mukherjee, Biswa R. Patra, Falguni Pattnaik, Jude A. Okolie, Nanda Sonil, Ajay K. Dalai
Biomethane, or popularly known as biogas, is produced through both thermocatalytic and biological processes. However, the biological production of methane from several wastes and lignocellulosic biomasses is becoming popularized due to its potentiality towards the economical processing costs. Biological production of methane comprises several stages, which majorly depend upon the types of feedstock implemented for the methane production. Generally, this process of methane production is known as methanogenesis, which is mainly carried out in an anaerobic atmosphere by methanogens (methane-producing microorganisms).
Liquefied Petroleum Gas Level Monitoring and Leakage Detection Using Internet of Things
Published in Neeraj Mohan, Surbhi Gupta, Chuan-Ming Liu, Society 5.0 and the Future of Emerging Computational Technologies, 2022
D V Ashoka, Basamma Umesh Patil, R Chetan, Prakash B V Ajay
In the existing system, LPG users cannot predict the usage of the cylinder. They get to know that the cylinder is empty only when the flame goes off. The situation becomes difficult if the customer doesn’t have an extra cylinder. To measure the natural gas or methane, the volume is calculated in cubic meters or cubic feet. At home, LPG gas is measured in terms of kilograms. The LPG gas in the gas bottles is weighed to check the weight of the gas. While producing or transporting, gas is measured in terms of tonnes, such as 1,000 kg or 2,000 kg, etc. Home LPG can be measured in liters while delivering using the tanker truck. In general, LPG is measured and sold in kilograms. Different sizes of LPG bottles are available, but gas is commonly measured in 45kg bottles. Due to the increase in the number of LPG users, there is an increase in the demand for LPG. Factors such as awareness of the usage of LPG cylinder and the provision for providing subsidies by the governments have increased the demand for LPG in India. This has ceased the usage of wood and its by-products, which, in turn, reduces the greenhouse effect. The low cost of LPG has also led to its adoption. Figure 1.1 shows the LPG coverage from April 2014 to April 2019.
Shockwave and dynamic pressure propagation law of methane–air explosion in full-scale pipe network
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Yuntao Liang, Baiwei Lei, Yong Sun, Wei Wang, Zhanyu Liu
Methane is an important renewable fuel, and it is flammable and explosive. Methane accumulations in the chemical and underground coal mining industries may lead to major explosion accidents with severe and fatal injuries, and is the main threat to safe production. To reduce the risk associated with a methane-air explosion in coal mines, researchers have conducted numerous experimental studies to analyze the attenuation law of methane explosion shock waves. However, the impact damage of methane explosion is closely related to the roadway size, structure, and the amount involved in a methane explosion. In order to prevent the impact damage after methane explosions in coal mines, it is essential to understand all the attenuation laws of shock waves and the propagation mechanism of dynamic pressure involved in a methane explosion. Methane’s explosion characteristics such as the explosion limits, explosion pressures, and rates of pressure rise have significant importance from a safety point of view (Kundu, Zanganeh, and Eschebach 2018; Mittal 2017; Mitu, Razus, and Schroeder 2021).
Explosion characteristics and energy utilisation of coal mine ultra-lean methane
Published in Combustion Theory and Modelling, 2021
Baisheng Nie, Chao Peng, Jie Gong, Feifei Yin, Kedi Wang
Methane is the second biggest contributor to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, CH4 as an energy source discharged into atmosphere is wasted. The explosion power generation utilisation method helps to reduce methane content in the atmosphere. The ultra-lean methane utilisation is significant to resource saving and environment protection. Compared with the traditional thermal power generation, in this method, the explosion shock wave, generated by methane/additive explosion, is the substitute for the high pressure water vapour to drive the power machine to rotate, which turns the generator and produces electricity. The high temperature exhaust gas generated by the explosion can be recovered by the reheat utilisation system, which improves the comprehensive utilisation efficiency. In addition, the ultra-lean methane obtained directly from the coal mining saves the cost and is more suitable for large-scale industrial production.
Noodle waste based biorefinery: an approach to address fuel, waste management and sustainability
Published in Biofuels, 2018
Liquid waste management and disposal are important aspects of industrial noodle production. Production of liquid and solid noodle waste and their release into the environment is worrisome. This contaminates ground water and produces gaseous substances primarily composed of methane. Methane is a well-known greenhouse gas and is known to contribute towards climate change. Therefore, novel technologies and new catalysts need to be developed for efficient noodle waste valorization. Along this line, multi-step catalytic cascade reactions involving chemical and enzymatic catalysts are attractive. Furthermore, novel heterogeneous catalysts can be synthesized for the chemo-catalyzed production of biodiesel. Alternatively, native crude lipases are cost effective and can be used as potential biocatalysts for biodiesel production. In addition, genetic modification and immobilization techniques can be applied to produce robust biocatalysts for the production of biodiesel and bioethanol. Advanced immobilization methods and heterogeneous catalysis will have a significant impact on the economics of biofuels since these catalysts are recycled with little or no loss of catalytic activities.