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MOF-based Capacitive and Resistive Sensors for Hydrogen Sulfide
Published in Ram K. Gupta, Tahir Rasheed, Tuan Anh Nguyen, Muhammad Bilal, Metal-Organic Frameworks-Based Hybrid Materials for Environmental Sensing and Monitoring, 2022
P. Abdul Rasheed, Anish R. Nath, Arjun A. Mohan
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a highly toxic, flammable gas which has a characteristic rotten egg smell. The odor detection threshold of H2S ranges from 0.2 to 2.0 g/μgm3. H2S is a very potent gas and can cause immediate paralysis of parts of the nervous system if inhaled in even small quantities (100-150 ppm). Very small quantities of H2S (10 ppm) can also cause tiredness and headaches. Inhalation of this gas has also been associated with many fatal diseases like pneumonia, bronchitis, and pulmonary edema [1]. In terms of effects on the environment, H2S easily dissipates into the air and forms sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid which leads to acid rain. It is estimated that H2S remains in the air for about 18 hours after dissipation which also makes it a serious pollutant.
Pricing of Crude Oil
Published in Ashok K. Pathak, Petroleum Reservoir Management, 2021
Sulfur is considered an impurity and an undesirable fraction in crude. The level of sulfur in sour crudes is more than 0.5% by weight. The sour crude derives its name from bitter taste and pungent smell due to higher Sulfur content. Generally, the heavier the crude oil, the higher it’s sulfur content. Sulfur may be present in the form of elemental sulfur or hydrogen sulfide. Most Sulfur in crude is bonded to carbon atoms. Sour oil may also contain carbon dioxide making it more corrosive. It is more challenging to produce, process, transport, and refine sour crude than sweet crude. Special care needs to be taken as sour crudes with high hydrogen sulfide quantities can cause serious health problems.
Common Sense Emergency Response
Published in Robert A. Burke, Common Sense Emergency Response, 2020
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is formed during manure decomposition. It is toxic, combustible, and because it is heavier than air, it dissipates oxygen and can suffocate an unsuspecting farmer. Hydrogen sulfide also has a distinctive “rotten egg” stench that dulls the sense of smell, giving the farmer a false sense of security because the original odor disappears as exposure time increases. The gas irritates the eyes and respiratory tract. In low concentrations, hydrogen sulfide has been reported to cause headaches, nausea, and dizziness prior to the individual succumbing to the gas.
Changes in the composition of heavy oil during thermolysis in the presence of molten sodium without hydrogen
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Igor P. Kosachev, Dmitry N. Borisov, Dmitry V. Milordov, Nikolay A. Mironov, Svetlana G. Yakubova, Makhmut R. Yakubov, Airat I. Shamsullin, Tagir S. Aynullov
The composition and properties of the initial oil and its thermolysis products were analyzed. The density and kinematic viscosity were determined. The gas fraction was determined according to the weight difference of heavy oil before and after thermolysis. Coke was separated via filtration through the porous glass filter Schott. The precipitate was transferred to a flask, washed with isopropyl alcohol to remove sodium residues and, then, hydrochloric acid. The latter procedure was aimed at the qualitative determination of sodium sulfide, whose reaction with acids gives hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide was detected both organoleptically according to rotten-egg odor and by the darkening of the filter paper soaked by lead (II) acetate solution according to the following reaction:
A new approach for hydrogen production in Claus sulfur recovery process
Published in Journal of Sulfur Chemistry, 2019
Ahmad Taghizadeh Damanabi, Fatemeh Bahadori
Hydrogen sulfide is known as one of the undesirable, corrosive, and highly toxic components in natural gas or other gaseous fuels. Due to its toxic and corrosive nature, it must be eliminated from fuels [3,14]. Until the decade 50, exhaust gasses from the gas sweetening unit were burned or sent into the atmosphere. However, in the mid-century, the growing need of industries to sulfur, as well as applying environmental legislation to decrease the emission of air pollutants led to designing several units for producing sulfur from hydrogen sulfide [14,15]. Hydrogen and sulfur production using the decomposition of H2S is performed by several methods such as microwave radiation, electrolysis of liquid H2S, H2S thermolysis, the oxidation and reduction cycle, etc. [3,14–16]. Claus sulfur recovery process is a method converting the sulfur compounds of the sour gas to the sulfur, hydrogen and some less harmful gasses for the environment. However, the conversion of hydrogen sulfide to sulfur by the Claus process is little.
Environmental and human health impacts of geothermal exploitation in China and mitigation strategies
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Yuanan Hu, Hefa Cheng, Shu Tao
The intense exploration and exploitation activities at geothermal power plants and direct use facilities greatly enhance the degassing of non-condensable gases from geothermal fluids. As a result, the levels of air pollutants, and consequently, their risk to the workers at these facilities and the residents in their vicinity, can be significantly increased. The monitoring results and experience from geothermal power plants in the United States indicate that non-condensable gases, particular H2S, released from geothermal fluids, pose the most significant risk to public health (Layton et al., 1981; Layton & Anspaugh, 1981). Hydrogen sulfide is a toxic gas, and its occurrence at elevated levels (above 200 ppm) is life-threatening. Despite of its acute effect, H2S is not carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1977). Although potentially significant degassing of H2S from geothermal fluids could occur at geothermal facilities, its concentrations in ambient air are typically below toxic levels due to the rapid atmospheric dispersion. Instead, odor annoyance resulting from H2S emissions has long been recognized as a major public health issue in geothermal development (Layton et al., 1981). While fatal case of H2S poisoning has not been reported at geothermal power plants or direct use facilities in China, one person died from exposure to the H2S off-gassed from hot spring water that contained H2S at approximately 550 mg/L outside of a geothermal spa in 2017 (China Central Television, 2017). This is a very rare case as geothermal water is typically off-gassed and diluted with surface water before being sent to the pools in hot spring and spa facilities.