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Petroleum Origin and Generation
Published in Muhammad Abdul Quddus, Petroleum Science and Technology, 2021
The volcano activities originate from subsurface magma and igneous rock. Several gases are found in the emission of volcanic eruptions. The volcanic gas components are methane, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, water vapors and traces of bituminous material. Trace amounts of hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride gases have also been detected. The quantity of methane (1–2%) and trace bituminous materials is so small compared to the huge quantities of organic matter found in sedimentary rocks. Volcano gases hardly have a significant quantity of hydrocarbons (organic matter). The necessary raw materials (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) for Fischer–Tropsch’s synthesis for producing liquid hydrocarbons are present in volcanic gases, but their proportion and the conditions of the environment are not conducive for the reaction.
Federal Government Applications of UAS Technology
Published in J.B. Sharma, Applications of Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems, 2019
In another experiment, small mass spectrometers were flown with other sensors on a UAS to collect temperature, pressure, relative humidity, SO2, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and carbon dioxide (CO2) data to generate real-time, three-dimensional concentration maps of the Turrialba Volcano plume in Costa Rica. These maps were compared to data collected simultaneously from satellites (Diaz et al. 2015). In January 2018, researchers flew a UAS equipped with sensors designed to measure CO2 and water vapor being emitted by an active volcano in Costa Rica. By monitoring and measuring the occurrence of volcanic gases emitted from the vents and fractures of active volcanoes, NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) scientists expect to understand how volcanoes work and improve volcano eruption planning and warning capabilities (sUAS News 2018).
Radar Monitoring of Volcanic Activities
Published in Ramesh P. Singh, Darius Bartlett, Natural Hazards, 2018
The products of volcanic eruptions also vary widely, giving rise to a large range of associated hazards (Myers et al. 2008). Explosive eruptions produce ballistic ejecta (solid and molten rock fragments) that can impact the surface up to several kilometres away from the vent. Smaller fragments are carried upward in eruption columns that sometimes reach the stratosphere, forming eruption clouds that pose a serious hazard to aircraft. Large eruption clouds can extend hundreds to thousands of kilometres downwind, resulting in ash fall over large areas. Heavy ash fall can collapse buildings, and even minor amounts can cause significant damage and disruption to everyday life. Volcanic gases in high concentrations can be deadly. In lower concentrations, they contribute to health problems and acid rain, which causes corrosion and harms vegetation. Lava flows and domes extruded during mostly non-explosive eruptions can inundate property and infrastructure, and create flood hazards by damming streams or rivers. Pyroclastic flows – high-speed avalanches of hot pumice, ash, rock fragments and gas – can move at speeds in excess of 100 km/h and destroy everything in their path. In some cases, gravitational collapse of an unstable volcanic edifice results in a devastating debris avalanche; the most famous example is the 1980 debris avalanche at Mount St. Helens, which extended more than 20 km down the North Fork Toutle River Valley. Debris flows and lahars (volcanic mudflows) triggered by eruptions inundate valleys for distances approaching 100 km, causing long-term ecological impacts and increased flood hazards.
Gas–water two-phase productivity model for fractured horizontal wells in volcanic gas reservoirs with natural fractures
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Tianyue Guo, Bin Huang, Wanfu Zhou, Cheng Fu, Xu An, Tingting Zhu, Qingyuan Li, Hang Yang
When analyzing the effect of the stress-sensitivity coefficient of natural fracture on the production, αf was set as 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, and 0.08; the relationship between pressure and production is as shown in Figure 10. The gas production at αf = 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, and 0.08 decreased by 3.2%, 6.66%, 10.4%, and 14.24%, respectively, compared with that at αf= 0. With the increase in the stress-sensitivity coefficient of the natural fracture, the gas production decreased and the decreased amplitude did not change significantly. This was because the natural-fracture permeability of the volcanic gas reservoir was small. With the increase in the stress-sensitivity coefficient, the permeability decreased, but the decrease was small; therefore, the gas production decreased almost uniformly.
Field Methods to Quantify Emergency Responder Fatigue: Lessons Learned from sUAS Deployment at the 2018 Kilauea Volcano Eruption
Published in IISE Transactions on Occupational Ergonomics and Human Factors, 2020
Ranjana K Mehta, Joseph Nuamah, S. Camille Peres, Robin R. Murphy
The team was required to wear respirators to protect them from volcanic gas emissions. The human work envelopes were generally situated 0.1- 0.25 miles from the volcano. While this distance was outside of the range of lava and debris explosions, environmental stressors, such as noise, heat, and smoke, were highly atypical of any tactical response previously seen, with the exception of Fukushima. The work environment for the pilots depended on the exact location. The locations were wilderness areas, either sparse lava flats or rainforest, rural agricultural areas, or low-density neighborhoods. Pilots had to investigate an area and determine an ad hoc landing zone that: (a) provided sufficient visibility to keep the sUAS in line of sight, (b) minimized the number of flight hazards (e.g., power lines, dense trees), and (c) had a personal escape route for the pilots themselves. The pilots tended to stage on public roads or driveways, but not all areas were fully evacuated and the teams had to be on alert for traffic. Figure 1 captures the work environment and pilot interactions with the sUAS using a tablet or smartphone in conjunction with a videogame-like controller.
Research on traversability of tracked vehicle on slope with unfixed obstacles: derivation of climbing-over, tipping-over, and sliding-down conditions
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2019
Ryosuke Yajima, Keiji Nagatani, Yasuhisa Hirata
Japan has 111 active volcanoes, or approximately 7% of all active volcanoes in the world. When active volcanoes erupt, various phenomena occur, leading to disasters such as cinder or ash fall, pyroclastic flow, lava flow, debris flow, the collapse of volcanic edifices, and volcanic gas. Damages caused by these disasters are also various and include direct damage by pyroclastic flow for a short time and economic damage that affects traffic and agriculture for a long time. Japan has suffered such damage in the past. For example, since the Heisei period, Mt. Unzen erupted in 1991 and 47 people were left dead or missing by the pyroclastic flow [1]. In 2014, Mt. Ontake erupted and 60 people were left dead or missing by cinder, etc. [2]. Such volcanic phenomena will be difficult to avoid in the future; therefore, actions toward disaster prevention or mitigation are essential.