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The New Symbiotic Architecture
Published in Kyoung Hee Kim, Microalgae Building Enclosures, 2022
Fossil-based power plants are the primary source of sulfur dioxide. Cities near heavily industrialized areas still show high concentrations. Research has shown a positive association between sulfur dioxide and health impacts especially related to respiratory, cardiovascular, all-cause mortality, and morbidity risks.4 It was also found that children’s asthma and bronchial hyper-responsiveness were associated with sulfur dioxide. WHO sulfur dioxide air quality guidelines are 20 μg/m3 for a 24-hour average and 500 μg/m3 for a 10 minute average.5
Hazmat Team Spotlight
Published in Robert A. Burke, Hazmat Team Spotlight, 2020
Sulfur dioxide is primarily a respiratory hazard and can cause irritation to those with previous respiratory problems. Weather conditions on the island often cause the creation of “Vog” (fog from the volcano). While I was there in July 2008, I had to drive through areas of Vog with a distinct smell of sulfur in the air. Since the Vog formations are somewhat unpredictable and can happen quickly, the strategy for protecting the public is sheltering in place. Civil Defense personnel recommend that “safe rooms” be prepared in all homes exposed by the release of sulfur dioxide from Kilauea. They have also proposed the purchase of air purifiers for all public schools to create “safe zones” within the schools.
Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactors in Facilitated Transport-Based Separations – Fundamentals and Applications
Published in Anil K. Pabby, S. Ranil Wickramasinghe, Kamalesh K. Sirkar, Ana-Maria Sastre, Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactors, 2020
M. Fallanza, A. Ortiz, D. Gorri, I. Ortiz
Sulfur oxides (SOx) are the major air pollutant which is emitted from the stationary sources such as power plants, incinerators, and combustors [44,48]. It is well known that sulfur dioxide emissions cause a direct atmospheric impact leading to acid rain, photochemical smog, and harm to human health and ecosystems [49,50]. The most effective technology for SO2 removal is the flue gas desulphurization (FGD) process using limestone slurry as a scrubbing solution. This process has been widely accepted because of its low cost, simple operation, and high SO2 removal efficiency compared to other alternatives. However, these processes require large equipment so in the near future are meant to be replaced by more compact, cheap, and modular devices such as hollow fiber membrane contactors [51,52].
Air quality modeling for health risk assessment of ambient PM10, PM2.5 and SO2 in Iran
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2019
Yusef Omidi Khaniabadi, Pierre Sicard, Arash Omidi Khaniabadi, Shabnam Mohammadinejad, Fariba Keishams, Afshin Takdastan, Abdolreza Najafi, Alessandra De Marco, Mohammad Daryanoosh
Airborne particles were characterized by measuring the PM10, because this range of particles are able to deeply penetrate into the airways system and have harmful impacts on human health (Martinelli et al. 2013; Zhou et al. 2014; Momtazan et al. 2018; Khaniabadi et al. 2017). PM2.5 may be able to cause various toxic stuffs, passing through the filtration of nose hair, reaching the end of the respiratory tract with airflow and accumulate there by diffusion, damaging other parts of the body through air exchange in the lungs (Lu et al. 2015; Boldo et al. 2011; Sicard et al. 2012). Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a toxic gas, released naturally by volcanic activity and also produced by combustion of sulfur-containing fuel and contributes to global warming. Inhalation of sulfur dioxide is mainly related to respiratory diseases, difficulty in breathing, reduced visibility, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) and premature death (Khaniabadi et al. 2017). Epidemiological studies showed that high levels of particles in the air can lead to cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, and venous thromboembolism (Martinelli et al. 2013). In Cyprus, Middleton et al. (2008) found that hospital visits due to cardiovascular diseases increased after dust episodes (Middleton et al. 2008). Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the mortality and morbidity due to exposure to PM10, PM2.5 and SO2 in one the most polluted cities of Iran.
Investigation of sour gas desulfurization process by nano absorber and under magnetic field in a packed tower; experimentally and theoretically
Published in Journal of Sulfur Chemistry, 2019
Yang Xiang [1] have argued that different processes are used to convert natural gas to different products. At the moment, sulfur is considered as an impurity in fossil fuels. By burning fuels, sulfur is released in the form of sulfur dioxide, which is one of the air pollutants that cause respiratory problems and acid rain. The environmental regulations limit emissions of sulfur dioxide and force fuel processors to remove sulfur from fuels and effluent gases. Jiao et al. [2] states that in 2017, the cost of removing sulfur from natural gas and crude oil in the United States was about $1.25 per cubic meter. In natural gas, sulfur is essentially hydrogen sulfide, while in crude oil, there are sulfur organic compounds. The combination of hydrogen and sulfur can produce the hydrogen sulfide. In both of these situations, the highly toxic and corrosive hydrogen sulfide gas should be converted into sulfur and removed from the system for sale or disposal. The hydrogen sulfide is a weak acid, which, when dissolved in water or sludge, enters the following two steps:
Excellent adsorption performance of dibenzothiophene on functionalized low-cost activated carbons with different oxidation methods
Published in Environmental Technology, 2019
Zhan Yu, Dan Wang, Yue Yang, Xuan Meng, Naiwang Liu, Li Shi
Sulfur compounds, which are naturally present in fossil fuels, would release sulfur dioxide during combustion, leading to acid rain and secondary environmental pollution. In addition, even in low concentration, sulfur compounds would deactivate the noble metal catalysts in the catalytic reforming units, reducing the lifetime of catalysts [1–3]. Considering these adverse impacts, many countries, especially the developed ones, have implemented more stringent environmental legislations to regulate sulfur content in fuels. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) set optimum allowable sulfur content to 15 and 30 ppm for diesel and gasoline, respectively. The European Union also issued regulations that limited the maximum sulfur content of diesel and gasoline to 10 ppm [4,5]. These legislations for achieving near-zero sulfur level in fuels prompted researchers to improve current desulfurization approaches and develop novel desulfurization technologies.