China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Structure of Molecules
Published in Michael B. Smith, A Q&A Approach to Organic Chemistry, 2020
There is not a large difference in molecular weight for each of the molecules, so differences in intermolecular interactions are expected to dominate. Since CH3OH (molecular weight = 32; boiling point = 64.7°C) is the only molecule with an OH unit, which is capable of hydrogen bonding, it is likely to have the highest boiling point. Acetone (molecular weight = 58; boiling point = 56°C), with the carbonyl group, has dipole–dipole interactions, which are weaker intermolecular interactions relative to hydrogen bonding, and has the next highest boiling point. Ethane (molecular weight = 30; boiling point = –89°C), with no functional groups, has only van der Waals interactions and has the lowest boiling point. What is the definition of melting point?
Overview of the Natural Gas Industry
Published in Arthur J. Kidnay, William R. Parrish, Daniel G. McCartney, Fundamentals of Natural Gas Processing, 2019
Arthur J. Kidnay, William R. Parrish, Daniel G. McCartney
The majority of the ethane used in the United States comes from natural gas plants; petroleum refineries account for the remainder. Ethane is used in the production of ethylene, the feedstock for polyethylene. Through August, 2018, 99.6% of ethane produced in the United States in 2018 came from natural gas and the balance from refineries (Energy Information Administration, 2018e). Starting in 2014 the United States began exporting ethane; through first 6 months of 2018 just over 12% of production was exported. During the same period, 98% of the remaining U.S. ethane production went to ethylene production, while 2% was blended into liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) a mixture of propane and butane with small amounts of ethane.
Products
Published in Mark J. Kaiser, Arno de Klerk, James H. Gary, Glenn E. Hwerk, Petroleum Refining, 2019
Mark J. Kaiser, Arno de Klerk, James H. Gary, Glenn E. Hwerk
Ethane can be used as a refinery fuel or as a feedstock to produce hydrogen or ethylene in petrochemical processes. As a feedstock for the petrochemicals industry, ethane is converted to ethylene (C2H4) by steam cracking, where it is polymerized to produce polyethylene (polyethene or PE), the most common plastic. Ethylene can also be combined with benzene to manufacture polystyrene or chlorinated to produce polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
Molecular dynamics simulations of liquid ethane up to 298.15 K
Published in Molecular Physics, 2023
Frances D. Lenahan, Maximilian Piszko, Tobias Klein, Andreas P. Fröba
Ethane is a major raw material for organic synthesis, which can then be used as feedstock for commodity chemicals. Knowledge of the Fick diffusion coefficient is necessary for efficient process design. Additionally, the study of diffusive mass transport approaching the critical point is valuable for understanding the influence of large hydrodynamic fluctuations on thermophysical properties. Here, simulations are used to model density, viscosity, and self-diffusivity of liquid ethane at pressures close to saturation conditions and temperatures between (184–298) K, close to the critical temperature. Additionally, simulations of liquid ethane with dissolved nitrogen are reported and compared to experiments.
Mathematical and artificial neural network modeling of production of ethylene from ethane pyrolysis in a tubular reactor
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2018
Mir-Shahabeddin Izadkhah, Ali. Farzi
The difference between natural gas extracted from different gas fields with respect to the amount of ethane is less than 1 vol% to more than 6 vol% (Mohebbi, Naderifar et al. 2014). Prior to 1960, ethane and larger molecules typically did not separate from methane in natural gas and simply burnt with methane as fuel. Nowadays, ethane is one of the main raw materials of petrochemical industry and is separated from natural gas in the developed gas basins (Cooney and Xi 1996; Jazayeri and Karimzadeh 2014). Ethane is mostly used in chemical industry for production of ethylene.
Simulation and Optimization of the Ethane Cracking Furnace Using ASPEN PLUS and MATLAB: A Case Study from Petrochemical Complexes
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2023
Huda Aammer, Zaidoon M. Shakor, Farooq Al-Sheikh, Safa A. Al-Naimi, William A. Anderson
The feed of 16% ethane feedstock was selected to be a standard feed of the simulation according to a good matching with the real industrial data with the error rate is shown in Table 4. Figure 8 illustrates the outlet stream composition of the four feeds (12%, 16%, 16.1%, and 19%) while the comparison shows a significant convergence between 16% and 16.1% with a good match to the existing flowrate. The comparison of 19% feed gives acceptable results approaching the standard whereas the 12% feed drops away from the standard. All explained results above were demonstrated in Table 5. Figure 9 shows the pyrolysis gas temperature distribution along the reactor in which the temperature increase at the tube end was higher than that at the beginning in the furnace. The graphs show that the 16.1% feed nearly fits the standard feed 16% in terms of temperature while the 19% feed approximates it closer. However, the 12% feed temperature soars away from the standard feed temperature. The pressure comparison was done among the four feeds with the error rates were exactly 0.00% as shown in Table 5 and Figure 10. Ethane conversion increases along the reactor for all types of feed although the fastest increase was in the 19% feed. Figure 11 depicts all ethane conversions of all feeds and the numbers were demonstrated in Table 5. The ethane conversion was proportional directly with its composition in the feedstock. Figure 12 gives information about the percentage of ethylene yielded along the reactor. The 16.1% feed has the smallest error rate. The nearest feed to the standard after the 16.1% feed was 19% with the same error while the error rate of the 12% feed was the largest so it is far from the standard. Therefore, the increasing ethylene yield is due to the increasing ethane content in feedstock.