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Petroleum: Hydrocarbon Contamination
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Air Quality and Energy Systems, 2020
Svetlana Drozdova, Erwin Rosenberg
Refined petroleum products are primarily produced through distillation processes that separate fractions from crude oil according to their boiling ranges. Production processes may also be directed to increase the yield of low-molecular-weight fractions, reduce the concentration of undesirable sulfur and nitrogen components, and incorporate performance-enhancing additives. Therefore, each petroleum product has its unique, product-specific hydrocarbon pattern. The petroleum products are composed of both aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in a range of molecules that include C6 and greater. The different classes of compounds contained in various petroleum products are summarized in Table 5.[20,21] The main products are gasoline (benzene), naphtha/solvents, jet fuels, kerosene, diesel fuel, and lubricating (motor) oils. Due to the variety of components in petroleum, they are typically characterized using the boiling range of the mixture and the carbon number rather than individual components. For example, diesel is a fraction with boiling points between 200°C and 325°C and is represented as C10–C22.
Basics of Crude Oil Refining
Published in Soni O. Oyekan, Catalytic Naphtha Reforming Process, 2018
Oil refining involves converting a crude oil or slate to produce petroleum-derived products such as refinery fuel gas, liquefied petroleum gas, diesel, jet fuel, kerosene, fuel oil, lubricating oil, greases, waxes, petrochemical feedstocks, asphalt, sulfur, and coke. The overall economics, profitability, and viability of a refinery are highly dependent on a number of major factors. The factors are crude oil costs; the refinery configuration of assets; operating costs for the refining of oil to the product slate the refinery is targeting; and the cost of labor, maintenance, and utilities for meeting stringent product qualities and environmental compliance by the refinery. Cost factors listed are applicable on a large scale to a company with several refineries and the need to maintain the profitability of each and all the refineries, as typically accomplished by leading global oil refining companies. Some of the enabling operational and reliability factors that maintain the high profitability of those oil refining and integrated companies in the top echelon annually are covered in subsequent chapters of this book.
Evaluating the Impact of Sustainability and Pipeline Quality on the Global Crude Oil Supply Chain
Published in Erick C. Jones, Supply Chain Engineering and Logistics Handbook, 2020
Erick C. Jones, Sunny Paraskumar Jain
Crude oil, commonly known as petroleum, was formed from the remains of animals and plants (called biomass) that lived many years ago. Over many years, the biomass was covered by layers of mud, silt, and sand that formed into sedimentary rock. Geologic heat and the pressure of the overlying rock turned the biomass into a hydrocarbon-rich liquid that we call crude oil, and eventually forced it into porous rock strata called reservoirs. Oil reserves cannot be reproduced because it needs millions of years to form. That’s why crude oil is called non-renewable energy source. There are also formations or deposits of hydrocarbon-saturated sands and shale where geologic conditions have not been sufficient to turn the hydrocarbons into liquid.
Evaluating the feasibility of air environment management system for VOCs through ‘VOCs specification’ of petroleum refining industry
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2023
Min-Gyu Kim, Jeong Hun Kim, Seok J. Yoon, Sung Hwan Cho, Jeong Ung Yu, Cheon Woong Kang, Kyong Whan Moon, Hyo Eun Lee
Crude oil is a collection of many types of hydrocarbon compounds, and usually contains 82.1%–87.1% carbon, 11.7%–14.7% hydrogen, 0.5%–3% sulfur, 0.01%–0.1% oxygen, and 0.1%–1.0% nitrogen. In addition, metallic elements such as vanadium are present in trace amounts. The boiling temperature of crude oil components varies over a wide range. Petroleum refining refers to the distillation of crude oil to manufacture various petroleum and semi-finished products. Hydrocarbons are the main components of crude oil, and differences in the shape or size of hydrocarbon molecules, affect the properties of these chemical substances. Crude oil is distilled to obtain various types of hydrocarbons such as methane, propane, and benzene. Distillation utilizes the different boiling points of hydrocarbons to separate and extract products such as the gasoline, kerosene, and diesel from crude oil. The processes conducted at a petroleum refining facility can be classified as follows (Kim et al. 2011).
Water-based drilling fluid for ultra-long horizontal intervals in Changqing oil and gas field
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2023
Jianqing Zhang, Zubiao Hu, Qin Zhang, Qingchen Wang, Huafeng Ni, Weiliang Wang, Luke Li, Chengfu Han
Petroleum and natural gas are important strategic resources that not only closely associate with a country’s economic sustainable development and stabilization of society, but also have important influences on world economic pattern, political and martial posture (Aftab et al. 2017; Zhang et al. 2018). With a sustainable growth of Chinese economy, the demand for oil and gas is becoming increasingly pressing, which lead to China having to import large quantities of oil and gas from abroad. In 2018, China had set out the guiding principles, strategic objectives, and major tasks for strongly exploring oil and gas resources. Changqing oil and gas field, as the largest oil and gas field in China, gained great progress in the aspect of well drilling. The existing technologies, however, cannot meet the request for well drilling with an increase of difficulty (Sun et al. 2019; Li et al. 2020).
Illuminating the streets, alleys, parks and suburbs of the American City: non-networked technologies, 1870-1920
Published in History and Technology, 2020
Refiners sought to maximize the production of kerosene – their most profitable product but before it could be distilled from the petroleum they had to dispose of various hydrocarbon byproducts. The most important of these for street lighting history were the light but volatile distillates gasoline and naphtha for which there was only a limited market. Crude petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons with different molecular weights and densities. In the nineteenth century refiners would gradually apply heat to a batch of crude petroleum and slowly increase the temperature with the object of producing kerosene. Those fractions with the lightest molecular weight and density would vaporize first, followed by the various heavier fractions. Gasoline was one of the lightest fractions followed by naphtha and benzene. Refiners found themselves faced with thousands of gallons of byproducts and often disposed of them by burning them off, dumping them in convenient waterways or storing them in large vats on site where the inflammability of the gasoline presented a constant danger of fire.25