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Operating Wisely
Published in Carl Bozzuto, Boiler Operator's Handbook, 2021
Fuel oils, whether they are number 1 (kerosene), 2 (diesel), or any of the heavier grades (4, 5, and 6), all come from crude oil—the oil that is pumped from the earth or gushes when it is under pressure. The crude oil is “refined” in a refinery to separate the different fuels, and a lot more, from the material that comes out of the ground. One big fraction of crude oil is gasoline. In fact, there is such a big demand for gasoline that some of the other products are converted by different processes to make more gasoline to satisfy the driving demand. The basic process of separating the different components from crude oil is distillation, where the oil is heated until the lighter portions including naphtha, gasoline, and others evaporate.
Electric Vehicle
Published in Asis Kumar Tripathy, Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, Mahasweta Sarkar, Sanjaya Kumar Panda, Cognitive Computing Using Green Technologies, 2021
Sahil Mishra, Sanjaya Kumar Panda, Bhabani Kumari Choudhury
EVs were thought to be made for a single purpose: the protection of the environment. Gasoline-powered internal combustion engines emit massive amounts of pollutants in the atmosphere, causing air pollution and global warming. It is not only air pollution; when it rains, pollutants are dissolved in water and reach water bodies and soil, polluting them as well [17,18]. The BEVs, on the other hand, do not emit such pollutants in the atmosphere, while hybrid EVs optimize the usage of both battery-powered engine and gasoline engine when traveling for longer distances to reduce the emission of such pollutants. The batteries can be easily recycled, reducing carbon footprint [17]. EVs do not even require a lot of maintenance compared to gasoline-powered vehicles. The latter’s engines and other parts require lubrication over a while to work smoothly, while EVs require cheaper and less frequent maintenance [17].
Gasoline
Published in Mark J. Kaiser, Arno de Klerk, James H. Gary, Glenn E. Hwerk, Petroleum Refining, 2019
Mark J. Kaiser, Arno de Klerk, James H. Gary, Glenn E. Hwerk
Premium gasolines generally contain more aromatics, and since this hydrocarbon class has high densities, it also has ever-so-slightly higher energy content (about 1% greater than regular gasoline). Winter gasoline, which contains more volatile, less dense hydrocarbons, has a lower heating value than summer grades (about 1–2% lower). Oxygenated gasolines have lower heating values because the heating values of the oxygenate components are lower than the hydrocarbons they displace.
Effect of chemical dispersion on distribution of distillates cuts in various crude oil samples
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2023
Imtiaz Ahmad, Waqas Ahmad, Syed Mohammad Sohail, Aftab Yasin
The demand for energy is rapidly increasing because of heavy reliance of the society on the energy resources worldwide. Among the fossil fuels, petroleum has been the choice of the energy sector owing to its vast reserves, easy transportation, cost effective processing & refining and minimum environmental pollution. In refinery, the crude oil is subjected to distillation (fractional distillation) to convert it into marketable products like gasoline, kerosene diesel fuel oils, etc. However, the yields of the distillate products are poor, and a significant amount of the residual crude oil is rejected. The residue is reported to be enriched in giant molecules including asphaltenes and resins (Alshareef et al. 2011; Speight 2014; Zhao, Becerra, and Shaw 2009; Joshi et al. 2008; Sheremata et al. 2004). These components, called the heavy petroleum components, even when present in low concentrations, being responsible for major losses in all stages of oil production, increase the viscosity of the fractions submitted to distillation, contribute to coke formation, and cause the catalysts used in refining processes to deactivate (Silva et al. 2013; Trejo, Centeno, and Ancheyta 2004; Juárez and Ancheyta 2016).
Quantification of gasoline-ethanol blend emissions effects
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2021
Nigel N. Clark, David L. McKain, Tammy Klein, Terence S. Higgins
Gasoline sold in the US differs in composition between summer and winter and in octane rating. In the US, ASTM D4814-19 standards must be met for classes of gasoline: standards include distillation parameters, the driveability index (Jewitt, Gibbs, and Evans 2005) and RVP requirements. There are regional differences in gasoline composition, and the use of conventional gasoline versus reformulated gasoline (RFG) for air quality control (Bishop, Hoekman, and Broch 2017; Hoekman, Leland, and Bishop 2018). When ethanol is a constituent of the final product, refinery streams are blended to produce a BOB, and the ethanol and BOB are blended at a terminal. The blend must meet specifications, and the BOB is configured to support this obligation. Figure 10 shows the changing balance of U.S. refinery production since 2004.
Radial basis function (RBF) network for modeling gasoline properties
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2019
Afshin Tatar, Ali Barati, Adel Najafi, Amir H. Mohammadi
Gasoline (or petrol) as a volatile and combustible hydrocarbon mixture is produced typically from crude oil. It has many applications in the industry (Mendes, Aleme, and Barbeira 2012). Also, it is utilized as a fuel and source of energy for transportation. Furthermore, in refineries, near half of the crude oil is converted to gasoline (Murty and Rao 2004). It must be noted that determination of the physical properties of substances, specially petroleum products is not a simple task because some substances like petroleum and its products have many compositions which in most cases are unknown (Litani-Barzilai et al. 1997). Gasoline compositions normally consist of several hydrocarbon groups, iso- paraffins, viz. aromatics, normal paraffins, and naphtenics and olefins (de Oliveira et al. 2004; Teixeira et al. 2007). The performance of gasoline and also its value as a fuel are functions of its properties like Motor Octane Number (MON), Specific Gravity (SG), Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP), and Research Octane Number (RON) (Albahri 2014).