China 
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Electricity and Transportation Markets
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Global Energy Market Trends, 2021
And so, let’s take a look at the different oil transport methods; pipelines, marine vessels, tank trucks, rail tank cars and so forth are used to transport crude oils, compressed and liquefied hydrocarbon gases, liquid petroleum products and other chemicals from their point of origin to pipeline terminals, refineries, distributors and consumers.
Introduction
Published in Stephen A. Roosa, Steve Doty, Wayne C. Turner, Energy Management Handbook, 2020
Stephen A. Roosa, Steve Doty, Wayne C. Turner
Energy management helps reduce the U.S. dependence upon imported energy sources. During the 1979 oil price crisis, the U.S. imported almost 50% of its total oil consumption. Petroleum includes crude oil, natural gas plant liquids, liquefied refinery gases, refined petroleum products such as gasoline and diesel fuel, and biofuels including ethanol and biodiesel. In 2007 about 58% of the petroleum consumed in the U.S. was imported from foreign countries [16]. According to data from The Energy Information Administration (EIA) in their 2014 Early Release Overview, oil imports decreased from 12.55 million barrels per day (MMb/d) in 2005, (60% of daily U.S. consumption), to 7.45 MMb/d, (40% of daily U.S. consumption), in 2012. In 2016, the United States imported approximately 10.1 million barrels per day (MMb/d) of petroleum from about 70 countries, led by Canada and Saudi Arabia [21]. About 78% of gross petroleum imports were crude oil. In 2016, the United States exported about 5.2 MMb/d of petroleum to 101 countries. Most of the exports were petroleum products. The resulting net imports (imports minus exports) of petroleum were about 4.9 MMb/d [21].
Petroleum: Hydrocarbon Contamination
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Air Quality and Energy Systems, 2020
Svetlana Drozdova, Erwin Rosenberg
Refined petroleum products are primarily produced through distillation processes that separate fractions from crude oil according to their boiling ranges. Production processes may also be directed to increase the yield of low-molecular-weight fractions, reduce the concentration of undesirable sulfur and nitrogen components, and incorporate performance-enhancing additives. Therefore, each petroleum product has its unique, product-specific hydrocarbon pattern. The petroleum products are composed of both aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in a range of molecules that include C6 and greater. The different classes of compounds contained in various petroleum products are summarized in Table 5.[20,21] The main products are gasoline (benzene), naphtha/solvents, jet fuels, kerosene, diesel fuel, and lubricating (motor) oils. Due to the variety of components in petroleum, they are typically characterized using the boiling range of the mixture and the carbon number rather than individual components. For example, diesel is a fraction with boiling points between 200°C and 325°C and is represented as C10–C22.
Unresolved complex mixtures of petroleum hydrocarbons in the environment: An overview of ecological effects and remediation approaches
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Kavitha Ramadass, Saranya Kuppusamy, Kadiyala Venkateswarlu, Ravi Naidu, Mallavarapu Megharaj
Petroleum products are complex mixtures of hydrocarbons (Tarr et al., 2016). Once released into the environment (for instance, marine), the hydrocarbons are rapidly “weathered” by various processes such as evaporation/volatilization, biodegradation, dispersion, dissolution, photodegradation, photochemical oxidation, etc. (Kuppusamy et al., 2020). Overall, the weathering process reduces concentrations of the volatile petroleum hydrocarbon compounds subsequently lowering the levels of total petroleum hydrocarbons in the environment. Perhaps, extensive weathering of crude petroleum causes significant changes in the physical characteristics (for instance, the formation of black tarry residues) as well as the chemical composition (for example, change in petroleum hydrocarbon profile) of the petroleum products (Figure 1). In fact, gas chromatographic (GC) profiles of weathered petroleum compounds revealed all such changes (Esbaugh et al., 2016; Ossai et al., 2020). Smith et al. (2001) reported the predominant occurrence of homologues of n-alkanes resolved together with limited amounts of branched alkanes, cyclic alkenes, and alkyl aromatics such as benzenes, naphthalenes and phenanthrenes in unweathered crude petroleum. On the contrary, the so-called hydrocarbon “hump” resolved during GC analysis of weathered oils was represented by the UCMs containing both aliphatic and aromatic fractions (Booth et al., 2007; White et al., 2013).
Effect of 1, 4-dioxane addition on operating characteristics of a neat biodiesels-fueled diesel engine
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2019
The world economy is developing in a quicker pace. Oil petroleum products assume a crucial part in the transportation and power age area and have an extraordinary effect in the economy of any nation. It is clear that the wellsprings of oil assets are accessible just a few places over the globe, which cause a restraining infrastructure in the exchange market of oil fuel (Subramaniam et al. 2013). The consumption of oil assets and the harmful environmental impact related to the utilization of petroleum products, prompts interchange vitality sources. Biofuels are by and large considered to offer numerous needs, including maintainability, decrease of ozone harming substance emanations, local improvement, social structure and agribusiness (Reijnders 2006). Aside from these points, it has been accounted for that high viscosity and low volatility of neat vegetable oil lessens fuel atomization and builds fuel infiltration. Higher splash and polymerization of unsaturated fats at higher temperature are reasons for the troubles experienced with engine deposits and thickening of the greasing up oil (Vellguth 1983; Yilmaz and Morton 2011). Many methods were identified for conversion of vegetable oil in to biodiesel, among all process transesterification was best and most viable one (Altin, Cetinkaya, and Yucesu 2001).
Optimizing diesel fuel supply chain operations to mitigate power outages for hurricane relief
Published in IISE Transactions, 2022
Haoxiang Yang, Daniel Duque, David P. Morton
The literature on hurricane relief largely focuses on evacuation, rescue, and distribution of supplies (Afshar and Haghani, 2008; Widener and Horner, 2011), instead of DFSCs, although liquid fuel’s importance is widely acknowledged, e.g., FEMA (2018). A DFSC is part of a larger petroleum supply chain (e.g., Sear, 1993; Neiro and Pinto, 2004), which also includes gasoline, heavy fuel oil, and jet fuel. After extraction and transportation to refineries, crude oil is processed, and in the US, the bulk of petroleum products are distributed through pipelines from refineries to terminals, with the rest transported by truck, vessel, or train. Large storage terminals are used to satisfy the demand at fuel stations, where end customers replenish diesel fuel.