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The Story of Big Oil
Published in Roy L. Nersesian, Energy Economics, 2016
A house has been insulated, and the temperature is lowered to consume less heating oil in winter. If repeated in millions of homes, the cut in consumption may be sufficient to cause the price of heating oil to decline. When this occurs, the temptation is to increase the indoor temperature for greater comfort, causing heating oil consumption to rise. Fuel-efficient jet engines cut jet fuel consumption. If the airline industry converts to fuel-efficient jet aircraft in response to high fuel costs, reduced consumption eventually cuts the price of jet fuel. Savings in jet fuel justify the purchase of fuel-efficient aircraft. Suppose that fuel-efficient jet aircraft are underemployed from airlines buying too many aircraft. With low jet fuel prices, the temptation is to take advantage of savings in jet fuel to underwrite a discount in airline fares to attract more business. Cheaper fares encourage more passenger traffic and thus more flights, increasing jet fuel consumption. Likewise as jet fuel prices fall, fresh fruits and vegetables can be flown from far-distant New Zealand and Chile, and flowers from Colombia to Europe and the US, at a cost that the market can bear. Lower priced tickets and increased food and flower shipments cause jet fuel demand to rise, negating the benefit of conservation and efficiency in reducing consumption.
Nonrenewable Energy Resources
Published in Julie Kerr, Introduction to Energy and Climate, 2017
Gasoline is the main petroleum product consumed in the United States, followed by distillate fuel oil, hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGL), propane, and jet fuel. Distillate fuel oil includes diesel fuel and heating oil. Diesel fuel is used in the diesel engines of heavy construction equipment, trucks, buses, tractors, boats, trains, some automobiles, and electricity generators. Heating oil, also called fuel oil, is used in boilers and furnaces to heat homes and buildings, for industrial heating, and for producing electricity. Total distillate fuel oil consumption in 2014 was more than 4 million barrels per day, or 21 percent of total petroleum consumption.
Crude Oil
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Energy Security for The 21st Century, 2021
Heating oil is usually delivered by tank truck to residential, commercial and municipal buildings and stored in above-ground storage tanks. These are located either outside, near the building, or in empty areas like basements and garages. When used in larger quantities the oil is stored in underground storage tanks. Heating oil is sometimes used as a fuel in industrial applications, and for small or remote power generation.
A Pseudocomponent-Based Approach for the Formulation of Evaporation Surrogates of Practical Liquid Fuels
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2023
Mohamad Asrardel, Álvaro Muelas, Javier Ballester
The target fuels selected as case studies for surrogate formulation are a commercial heating oil (fuel oil No. 2), an automotive diesel and a standard Jet A fuel. The fuel samples were characterized to determine their most important physicochemical properties, which are presented in Table 1. According to the analyzed data, these three fuels have almost identical mass fractions of carbon and hydrogen. However, there are substantial differences among their densities and distillation curves. Some properties were not available (for example, average molecular weight for diesel), but the surrogate algorithm is designed to flexibly handle the modeling problem by considering a variable number of bulk properties as inputs. In addition to the data listed in Table 1, the distillation curves were measured for the three fuels. Figure 1 shows these curves for diesel, heating oil and Jet A, which were obtained by ASTM-D86 (ASTM 1997), Advanced Distillation Method (Bruno 2006) and ASTM-D2887 (International 2019), respectively.
Modeling the United States crack spread: Market efficiency, persistence and the Verleger hypothesis
Published in Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 2021
José Carlos Vides, Mónica Carmona, Julia Feria, Antonio A. Golpe
Concerning the factors that affect the behavior of the crack spread, we can highlight different drivers, such as weather conditions and seasonality, geopolitical problems or changes in demand and supply of different oil components. In terms of weather conditions and seasonality (Chesnes 2015), there is a higher demand for specific derivatives such as gasoline and diesel during the summer season, which significantly increases the crack spread. On the other hand, the winter season increases the demand for refined materials such as diesel fuel, heating oil and gasoline for engines and widens the crack spread. Another factor that plays an essential role in crack spread pricing is the effect of geopolitical issues. Throughout periods of political uncertainty and instability, there is a reduction in oil supply (Pirog 2005). The consequence is an increase in crude oil prices about refined products, narrowing the crack spread initially.
Development of a stochastic virtual smart meter data set for a residential building stock – methodology and sample data
Published in Journal of Building Performance Simulation, 2020
Adam Neale, Michaël Kummert, Michel Bernier
The heating system for a home can consist of one of three possible system configurations (note: symbols for equations appear at the end of this section): Electric element heating, i.e. electric baseboards or an electric furnace. The heating load for the home is calculated and a constant coefficient of performance (COP) is applied to calculate the electric heating requirement. , . Non-electric heating, i.e. a natural gas or heating oil furnace. The heating load for the home is calculated and a parasitic load is applied for electric subsystems and applied in the form of a power fraction (PF). = 1.0, PF = 0.05. Air-source heat pump (ASHP) with an auxiliary (AUX) heating system. In this case, the heating system transitions between the ASHP and AUX systems based on the outdoor temperature. The usage fraction for the ASHP (FASHP) and AUX (FAUX) are expressed using the following heuristic relationships: