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Modular Systems in Oil Industry
Published in Yatish T. Shah, Modular Systems for Energy and Fuel Recovery and Conversion, 2019
Oil refining is the process that takes us from crude oil to refined or finished products through an oil refinery such as high-octane motor fuel (gasoline/petrol), diesel oil, LPG, jet aircraft fuel, kerosene, heating fuel oils, lubricating oils, asphalt, and petroleum coke. A petroleum refinery is therefore a factory where crude oil is transformed into petrol and hundreds of other useful products or a factory where crude oil is broken down into its various components, which then are selectively changed into new products. An oil refinery is considered an essential part of the downstream side of the petroleum industry. Refineries come in various sizes.
Distribution of fuels and their reserves
Published in Jaroslav Legemza, Mária Fröhlichová, Róbert Findorák, Biomass and Carbon Fuels in Metallurgy, 2019
Jaroslav Legemza, Mária Fröhlichová, Róbert Findorák
Motor fuels, lubricants, heating oil and petrochemical products (e.g. plastics) are produced from crude oil. Fig. 24 shows the largest oil reserves in the world. Furthermore, the number of currently predicted years of extraction is also provided for individual countries. Since the estimates are based on the current rate of extraction, given the higher crude oil consumption (especially in China and India), it is possible that the reserves will be exhausted before the time declared by mining companies at present.
Common technology
Published in Allan W. M. Bonnick, Automotive Computer Controlled Systems, 2007
Motor fuels give off vapors that contain harmful hydrocarbons, such as benzene. In order to restrict emissions of hydrocarbons from the fuel tank, vehicle systems are equipped with a carbon canister. This canister contains activated charcoal which has the ability to bind toxic substances into hydrocarbon molecules. In the evaporative emission control system the carbon canister is connected by valve and pipe to the fuel tank, as shown in Fig. 1.21.
Automotive fuel prices at branded and unbranded service stations: differences in the impact of seller density, brand concentration and search costs
Published in Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 2023
Pablo Arocena, Alejandro Bello-Pintado, Ignacio Contín-Pilart
Although in theory gasoline (and diesel) can be considered a homogeneous good with respect to its physical and chemical properties, in practice the product specifications may vary across brands due to the use of diverse additives Van Meerbeeck (2003). Fuel additives are used to improve motor fuel performance in vehicles and to reduce specific emissions. They include octane enhancers, antiknock compounds, and oxygenates, as well as corrosion inhibitors, detergents, and dyes (Demirbas and Sahin-Demirbas 2010). For instance, a good diesel fuel is characterized by low sulfur and aromatic content, good ignition quality, the right cold weather properties, low content of pollutants, and the right density, viscosity, and boiling point (Demirbas 2007). Some consumers may be willing to pay a premium for a fuel brand that they perceive to be of higher quality. The branding of a product implies product consistency – that the product will have the same quality every time the consumer purchases it. That expectation is reinforced by a significant amount of advertising, which serves to signal that the high-quality product will continue to be supplied (Kleit 2005). In Spain, as in many other European countries, the refiners and large oil operators’ brands are the results of decades of operations, backed by large national advertising campaigns. Major brands own and operate refineries in Spain (e.g. Repsol, Cepsa and BP), while others (e.g. Agip, Shell, Galp) have refining capacity abroad and/or storage facilities for oil products in the main Spanish ports.
Polyethylene terephthalate conversion into liquid fuel by its co-pyrolysis with low- and high-density polyethylene employing scrape aluminium as catalyst
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Table 2 shows the fuel properties of distilled fractions of catalytic oil and their comparison with standard fuels. The fuel properties of distilled fractions in gasoline, kerosene and diesel range are in close accordance with the standard fuels; e.g. calorific values, specific gravity and API gravity values are within the range of standard fuels. The pour of gasoline range fraction is less than −40 °C and that of kerosene range is −10 °C, which reveals that these oil fractions are applicable as motor fuel at subzero temperatures. However, a great difference in the flash point was observed between the oil fractions and standard fuels. It was recommended that the pyrolysis oil may be fractionated before direct use for better fuel efficiency.
Conceptual design analysis for a lightweight aircraft with a fuel cell hybrid propulsion system
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Hüseyin Turan Arat, Meryem Gizem Sürer, Semir Gökpinar, Kadir Aydin
The usage of fuel cells in small to medium-sized unmanned aerial vehicles has been investigated since the 2000s and successful examples have been made. However, the usage of fuel cells in manned aircraft is a newer topic and technology is being developed to obtain long-range aircraft. However, the number of studies on this subject is not enough. The purpose of this paper is to design a conceptual hybrid propulsion system for the world’s smallest twin-engine Cri-Cri aircraft for making it longer range than the electric version and more environmentally friendly than the internal combustion engine version. First, conceptual a hybrid propulsion system is designed for the prototype aircraft. The fuel-cell hybrid system proposed for this paper consists of electric motor, fuel cell system, battery, DC/AC converter, and DC/DC converter. Second, some analyses are done. These analyses contain required power, hydrogen consumption, energy consumption, etc.. This study will contribute to the literature in terms of improving of fuel cells used manned aircrafts.