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Biodiesel from First-Generation Feedstock
Published in Bhaskar Singh, Ramesh Oraon, Advanced Nanocatalysts for Biodiesel Production, 2023
Madhu Agarwal, Pushpendra Kushwaha, Karishma Maheshwari
Biodiesel can be generated from vegetable oil, animal fat, food crops, lignocellulose material, micro- and macroalgae, and other sources (Tulashie and Kotoka, 2020). Biodiesel is usually made via the transesterification process, which includes reacting vegetable oils with alcohol (ethanol or methanol) to make alkyl esters and glycerol with the aid of a catalyst, as illustrated in Figure 2.1, in a similar manner to that represented in literature (Ferrero et al., 2021; Gupta et al., 2018). A number of reversible reactions constitute transesterification. Each step removes one mole of alkyl esters from the triglyceride, resulting in diglyceride, monoglyceride, and finally glycerol formation. The reaction mechanism for alkali-catalysed transesterification has been proposed as three steps (Demirbas and Karslioglu, 2007), whereas esterification is a single-step reaction: Fatty acid (R1COOH) + Alcohol (CH3OH)↔Ester (R1COOCH3) + Water (H2O) (Esterification Reaction)Triglyceride + Alcohol (CH3OH) ↔Diglyceride + CH3COOR1Diglyceride + Alcohol (CH3OH) ↔ Monoglyceride + CH3COOR2Monoglyceride + Alcohol (CH3OH) ↔ Glycerol + CH3COOR3
Waste Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production
Published in Ram K. Gupta, Tuan Anh Nguyen, Energy from Waste, 2022
Umer Rashid, Rose Fadzilah Abdullah, Balkis Hazmi, Wan Nur Aini Wan Mokhtar
Biodiesel is one of the best alternatives for conventional fossil fuels, and its use is growing all over the world. In conjunction with global economic evaluation and the expansion of the automobile industry sectors, researchers consistently provide the greatest discoveries and inventions to produce alternatives to fossil fuel. Biodiesel has gained popularity around the world because it is renewable and energy efficient as it is primarily made from crop waste and recycled resources. Besides, biodiesel is also non-toxic, biodegradable, and safe for use in sensitive environments [1]. The biodiesel produced can also be used in most diesel engines with no or only minor modifications. Furthermore, the usage of biodiesel could reduce global warming gas emissions as it emits lesser hydrocarbons (HCs), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (NOx), sulfur oxide (SOx), and particulate matter (PM) [2].
Biodiesel, Power Alcohol and Butanol Production
Published in Debabrata Das, Soumya Pandit, Industrial Biotechnology, 2021
Biodiesel is made by transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats and alcohol. This chemical reaction turns an ester (vegetable oil or animal fat) into a fatty acid mixture consisting of esters of the oil (or fat). Biodiesel is derived from fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) mixture cleansing. To speed up the reaction, a catalyst is used. Transesterification can be basic, acidic or enzymatic according to the catalyst used.
Biodiesel production from non-edible feedstock from a novel ternary mixture of Argemone Mexicana, Azadirachta Indica and Bakayan seeds oil
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Although it has promise, biodiesel production can have a detrimental impact on the environment in terms of energy use, water use, land use, and emissions (Rajaeifar et al. 2016). There have been suggestions made for ways to reduce the energy needed to make biodiesel, including using non-edible oil as a feedstock and energy-efficient manufacturing techniques (Rajaeifar et al. 2016). The use of drought-tolerant plants and water-saving techniques can reduce water consumption (Zhang et al. 2022). Utilizing non-edible oil feedstocks and applying sustainable land-use practices can help to mitigate the negative effects of feedstock production on the use of land (Shaah et al. 2021). By using used cooking oil as a feedstock and using sustainable farming practices, greenhouse gases and other air pollutants that may be produced during the manufacturing of biodiesel may be reduced (Liang, Xu, and Zhang 2013). In order to make biodiesel a more ecologically friendly fuel choice, it is critical to implement sustainable practices to decrease energy use, water usage, land utilization, and emissions during manufacturing.
Plant design of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil in Malaysia
Published in Biofuels, 2023
Angnes Ngieng Tze Tiong, Zuhair Khan, Valerie Chin, Osama Abdul Wahid, Regina Mbeu Wachira, Shannon Michaela Kung, Ashvin Viknesh Mahenthiran
The aim of the plant design was to convert WCO to biodiesel fuel. Biodiesel is a cleaner and renewable substitute to conventional fossil fuels, leading to a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. This was in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) no. 7 and 13 on sustainable and clean energy, and combating climate change, respectively. Malaysia is also striving to achieve a 40% renewable energy target by 2035. Moreover, this study was also aligned with the SDG no. 12 on ensuring sustainable consumption and production patterns. One of the targets of Goal 12 is to reduce waste generation through reusing by 2030. This study focused on the reusing of waste cooking oil for biodiesel production, which served as a way to reduce the wasted oil generated by the local restaurant and hotel chains. The plant design constraint was to attain a biodiesel purity of 99.65 wt% to meet the standard of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The allowable methanol content in the biodiesel was merely 0.2% [24]. In addition, the plant was designed with a capacity of more than 8,000 tonnes per year to satisfy the local and global market demand as well as to maintain the plant operation. The design life for the plant was approximately 20 years.
Mechanistic model for the batch extraction of oil from avocado seeds available for biofuel production
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2021
S Sathish, G Narendrakumar, S Vaithyasubramanian, E Sinduri
Biodiesel can be defined as a monoalkyl ester of long-chain fatty acids derived from a renewable lipid feedstock, such as vegetable oil or animal fat (Sudhakar, Rajesh, and Premalatha 2012a). Biodiesel is produced through transesterification, which refers to the catalytic chemical conversion of vegetable oil and methanol. The products are the glycerol and fatty acid alkyl esters. Compared to petroleum fuel, biodiesel has produced low carbon monoxide, particulates and unburned hydrocarbons during combustion (Gomez et al. 2014). The various feedstocks for the production of biodiesel are crops and residues, forest residues, or other kinds of plant-based biomass feedstock’s (Adejumo, Alakowe, and Obi 2013). Macroalgae is getting growing consideration as an alternative resource to produce biofuels (Ghani, Choudhury, and Hassan 2004). Liquid vegetable oils such as avocado, cottonseed oil and soya oil contain mainly unsaturated C18 acids. Catalysts may be base, acid, or enzyme (Guan-Lin Chen et al. 2014).