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Microalgal Biodiesel Production
Published in Ozcan Konur, Biodiesel Fuels Based on Edible and Nonedible Feedstocks, Wastes, and Algae, 2021
Ramachandran Sivaramakrishnan, Aran Incharoensakdi
Transesterification is the reaction where triglycerides react with alcohol to produce methyl esters and glycerol with the help of catalysts. The catalysts used in transesterification are base, acid, or enzymes. However, the prominent catalysts for biodiesel production are base catalysts such as KOH or NaOH. Base catalyzed transesterification can be achieved under lower pressure and temperatures with 98% biodiesel conversion (Taher et al., 2011). However, when the free fatty acid content of oil exceeds 2–5% saponification will occur, which badly affects the biodiesel yield (Banani et al., 2015). When comparing base catalyzed two-step transesterification and one-step transesterification, the results showed that both transesterifications achieved a satisfactory yield of biodiesel with acceptable fuel properties (Sivaramakrishnan and Incharoensakdi, 2017d, 2019a).
Sustainable Production of Biofuels—A Green Spark: Technology, Economics, and Environmental Issues
Published in V. Sivasubramanian, Bioprocess Engineering for a Green Environment, 2018
Rajarathinam Ravikumar, Muthuvelu Kirupa Sankar, Manickam Nareshkumar, Moorthy Ranjithkumar
Transesterification of natural glycerides with methanol to methylesters is a technically important reaction that has been used extensively in the soap and detergent manufacturing industry worldwide for many years. Almost all biodiesel is produced via a similar chemical process using base-catalyzed transesterification because it is the most economical process, requiring only low temperatures and pressures while producing a 98% conversion yield. The transesterification process is the reaction of a triglyceride (fat/oil) with an alcohol to form esters and glycerol. A triglyceride has a glycerin molecule as its base with three long-chain fatty acids attached. The characteristics of the fat are determined by the nature of the fatty acids attached to the glycerin. The nature of the fatty acids can, in turn, affect the characteristics of the biodiesel (Dawodu et al., 2014).
Biodiesel
Published in Arumugam S. Ramadhas, Alternative Fuels for Transportation, 2016
Arumugam Sakunthalai Ramadhas, Simon Jayaraj, Chandrasekaran Muraleedharan
Among these various conversion methodologies, the transesterification process has become commercial success. Transesterification is a chemical process of transforming large, branched triglyceride molecules of the vegetable oils and fats into smaller, straight chain molecules, almost similar in size to the molecules of the species present in diesel fuel. Many countries started biodiesel production industries and biodiesel is blended with diesel commercially as per their national policy. Engine performance, emission, endurance and metal components wear analysis, fleet studies, and engine oil effects were conducted by various automotive manufacturers and oil companies. Based on the positive results obtained by them, automotive manufacturers extended the warranty of biodiesel operated vehicles also. European Union has become the leader of biodiesel production in the world.
Optimisation of performance parameters of a variable compression ratio diesel engine with hibiscus cocos nucifera biodiesel using Taguchi method
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Alapati Babji, Govada Rambabu, Dhanavath Balaji Naik, Gandi Siva Kumar
Acid and alkali catalyst transesterification processes, heterogeneous acid and alkali-catalyzed transesterification, enzymatic catalyst transesterification method, supercritical alcohol transesterification method, and ultrasonic irradiation transesterification are among the various transesterification processes. Kinetic reaction methods of the first and second orders are demonstrated. The hydro-deoxygenating of organic oils and animal fats, the Fischer–Tropsch (FT) approach, the white diesel approach, and the hybrid approach are among the numerous approaches for renewable or green diesel production processes (Vignesh et al. 2020). Transesterification is the process of converting triglycerides to biodiesel in the presence of alcohol and a catalyst. Two types of catalysts, KOH and NaOH, are typically used in biodiesel production since they are both affordable and widely available (Yatish et al. 2018).
Synthesis and characterization of novel ethyl levulinate coupled N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine multifunctional additive: oxidation stability and lubricity improver in biodiesel
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Aman Kumar Bhonsle, Ekta Faujdar, Neha Rawat, Raj Kumar Singh, Jasvinder Singh, Jayati Trivedi, Neeraj Atray
Biodiesel is the first-generation biofuel, which is renewable, carbon-neutral, nonflammable, biodegradable, and nontoxic. It is generally produced using the transesterification processes like homogeneous catalysis, heterogeneous catalysis, enzymatic transesterification, nano-catalytic transesterification, and transesterification in supercritical alcohol (Aderibigbe et al. 2020; Leung, Wu, and Leung 2010). Since transesterification is the key reaction for biodiesel production, so technological advancement in reactor systems also plays a critical role in line with sustainability goals by emphasizing on biorefineries concept (Tabatabaei et al. 2019). Artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches also have been employed nowadays to make the biodiesel production process more efficient, sustainable, and economically viable (Aghbashlo et al. 2021b). However, these computational approaches are new and have been used scarcely but can have potential scope in future.
The critical techno-economic aspects for production of B10 biodiesel from second generation feedstocks: a review
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 2022
Timothy Tibesigwa, Peter Wilberforce Olupot, John Baptist Kirabira
Several studies show that transesterification is the most common and widely accepted technology of biodiesel production and is presently one of the most attractive techniques. Transesterification (alcoholysis) is a chemical reaction that involves reaction of triglycerides and alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to form esters and glycerol. This process involves three consecutive reversible reactions; the conversion of triglycerides to diglycerides, followed by the conversion of diglycerides to monoglycerides. Glycerides are converted into glycerol, giving one ester in each step (Fattah et al. 2020). Depending on the FFA content of the feedstock, biodiesel production is done either through a single step (alkali catalysis) or a two-step reaction, in which esterification precedes transesterification, as shown the schematic drawing in Figure 1 (Fattah et al. 2020; Mofijur et al. 2014). Transesterification can be carried out by catalytic and non-catalytic methods as described in the following sections.