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Organic Air Pollutants
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
The most common of the many uses of these chemicals is for the manufacture of other chemicals. Methanol is widely used in the manufacture of formaldehyde (see Section 11.4) as a solvent, and mixed with water as an antifreeze formulation. Ethanol is used as a solvent and as the starting material for the manufacture of acetaldehyde, acetic acid, ethyl ether, ethyl chloride, ethyl bromide, and several important esters. Both methanol and ethanol can be used as motor vehicle fuels, usually in mixtures with gasoline. Ethylene glycol is a common antifreeze compound.
Methanol Conversions
Published in Saeed Sahebdelfar, Maryam Takht Ravanchi, Ashok Kumar Nadda, 1 Chemistry, 2022
Saeed Sahebdelfar, Maryam Takht Ravanchi, Ashok Kumar Nadda
Methanol is a versatile multi-source multi-purpose chemical. It is widely used as a solvent and raw material for the manufacturing of formaldehyde, methyl t-butyl ether (MtBE, an octane booster of gasoline), acetic acid and olefins with the latter being an emerging and growing sector. Methanol can be used as a fuel and/or fuel additive in fuel cells and in IC engines. Methanol can be readily reformed to hydrogen and thus is a potential hydrogen carrier in the future.
Introduction
Published in Yip-Wah Chung, Monica Kapoor, Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, 2022
From the electronegativity values of oxygen and hydrogen, determine the charge (positive or negative) on the oxygen and hydrogen atom in the OH group.Sketch how two adjacent methanol molecules may orient to take advantage of this particular charge state of the OH group (hydrogen bonding). You may assume the other atoms in the molecule to be electrically neutral.Consider the case in which the oxygen atom in the methanol molecule is replaced by sulfur as shown below:This is known as methyl mercaptan or methanethiol. The boiling point of methanol is 65°C. Is the boiling point of methanethiol higher or lower? Why?Hint: Is hydrogen bonding stronger or weaker in methanethiol?
Methanol as a fuel additive: effect on the performance and emissions of a gasoline engine
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Mehrez Gassoumi, Zouhair Boutar, Raja Mazuir Raja Ahsan Shah, Mohannad T. Aljarrah, Mansour Al Qubeissi, Ridha Ennetta, Angelo Onorati, Hakan Serhad Soyhan
Finally, due to its excellent physical and chemical properties, methanol could serve as a viable alternative to fossil fuels in internal combustion engines, particularly when derived from renewable and sustainable sources. By implementing methanol as a fuel source, the transportation sector could significantly reduce its carbon footprint and progress toward a zero-emission pathway. However, the cost-effective adaptation of existing SI engines to high-level methanol blends, require extensive research and development before becoming commercially viable. One of the primary obstacles to the adoption of high-level methanol blends is the elevated NOx emissions rates. Indeed, the development of targeted solutions such as optimizing engine design, implementing advanced combustion techniques, or exploring after treatment technologies are required to mitigate NOx emissions in methanol blends. The second major challenge is the compatibility of materials, as methanol’s high toxicity and corrosivity can cause severe damage to the fuel supply systems currently in use. Thus, overcoming these challenges is critical to ensure the widespread adoption of methanol blends in the future.
Direct methanol fuel cells for automotive applications: a review
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
G. Amba Prasad Rao, K. Jayasimha Reddy, R. Meenakshi Reddy, K. Madhu Murthy, G. Naga Srinivasulu
Over the years of its development, the use of methanol has led to difficulties and challenges as detailed below; however, researchers have done excellent studies in addressing all the cited technical problems effectively: MCO through the membrane and its associated implications.Low rate of electrochemical reaction.The methanol oxidation reaction yields CO2 gas bubbles poses difficulty in its elimination.Poisoning of electrodes by carbon monoxide.Due to low values of working voltage, a considerable amount of heat is liberated.The systems demand working higher pressure due to the boiling point of methanol of about 65°C, in order to accelerate the electrode reactions.Methanol is toxic, in the event of leakage of methanol and its vapours from the system as a whole and from its storage vessels.Difficulty in water and thermal management.
Analysis and discussion on formation and control of dioxins generated from municipal solid waste incineration process
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2022
Bowen Zhao, Xiude Hu, Jianyi Lu
Yamaguchi et al. (1996). first utilized hydrothermal treatment technology to degrade dioxins in fly ash. They found that the hydrothermal treatment technology can effectively degrade dioxins in fly ash, and the degradation rate of dioxins was as high as 99.9% after adding alkali and methanol. However, methanol is highly toxic and can easily cause secondary contamination. Hu et al. (2012). found that low-polluting, low-cost ferric sulfate and ferrous sulfate can effectively promote the degradation of dioxins during hydrothermal treatment and that temperature was the most critical factor in the hydrothermal degradation process of dioxins. Domestic scholars Ma et al. studied the degradation efficiency of dioxins in fly ash under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and the results showed that the degradation efficiency of dioxins reached 93.08% and the toxicity equivalent decreased by 95.72% after hydrothermal treatment under anaerobic condition for 12 h. The efficiency of hydrothermal degradation on dioxins increased with the increase of temperature, and 250°C was the optimal temperature for hydrothermal treatment and the degradation efficiency of dioxins was as high as 99.93%. Significant reactions such as hydrodechlorination, interconversion of PCDDs and PCDFs occurred during hydrothermal treatment (Jin et al. 2013).