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Toxicological Chemistry of Chemical Substances
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
Carbon monoxide, CO, is a common cause of accidental poisonings. At CO levels in air of 10 ppm, impairment of judgment and visual perception occur; exposure to 100 ppm causes dizziness, headache, and weariness; loss of consciousness occurs at 250 ppm; and inhalation of 1,000 ppm results in rapid death. Chronic long-term exposures to low levels of carbon monoxide are suspected of causing disorders of the respiratory system and the heart.
The Atmosphere and the Chemistry of Air
Published in Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo, Rapid Review of Chemistry for the Life Sciences and Engineering, 2021
Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo
Carbon monoxide, like carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide, is a gas that is created by the combustion of fossil fuels. Carbon monoxide, CO, is produced by the incomplete combustion of wood, coal, natural gas, oil, gasoline, kerosene, and tobacco. It is colorless and odorless. It is especially toxic because hemoglobin, the transporter molecule in the blood, preferentially binds with carbon monoxide (to form carboxyhemoglobin) instead of the oxygen molecule (to form oxyhemoglobin). In fact, carbon monoxide has an affinity for hemoglobin that is roughly 200 times stronger than oxygen. The net result is oxygen deprivation for the human body. The immediate symptoms are impaired brain and vision function, followed by irregular heartbeat, headaches, nausea, weakness, fatigue, and eventual death.
Fossil Fuels
Published in Takashiro Akitsu, Environmental Science, 2018
Q. Related to fossil fuels, show environmentally negative materials.Sulfur oxide of sulfate causes acid rain.Nitrogen oxide and nitric acid cause acid rain.Carbon monoxide causes blood poisoning in hemoglobin.Carbon dioxide results in global warming caused by hydrocarbons. (Combustion of hydrocarbons results in carbon dioxide.)As a precaution, use of automotive catalysts, fuel desulphurization, diaphragm and fixation of waste, fossil fuels, and chemical fertilizers should be reduced.Certainly, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur compounds emit harmful impurity.Producing useful compounds depends on their usage; for example, industrial synthesis of ammonia by the Solvay process, by contact method for sulfur dioxide, and other nitrogen compounds.
Experimental investigation of algae biofuel–diesel blends on performance of a CRDI diesel engine
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
N. Indrareddy, K. Venkateswarlu, Ramakrishna Konijeti
Figure 5 shows variations of carbon monoxide with load for different fuels at various injection pressures. Compared to diesel, both the blends B10 and B15 show lower CO emissions. The emission of carbon monoxide depends on the fuel's oxygen content and cetane number. Biodiesel has more oxygen content than diesel fuel. Biodiesel blends are therefore involved in the complete combustion. From the figure, it is found that the use of biodiesel resulted in 20.27% average decrease of CO at a fuel injection pressure of 600 as compared to that of neat diesel. Carbon monoxide is a by-product of incomplete combustion and it is produced from the partial oxidation of carbon-containing compounds, it forms when there is insufficient oxygen to produce CO2. This condition is referred to as a rich fuel condition. Since CO emissions are caused by a rich mixture and the increased injection force of the fuel contributes to leaner mixtures. When the fuel injection pressure is increased from 600 to 1050 bar, the CO emissions decrease by 27.24% for all the fuels. The results of Mikulski, Duda, and Wierzbicki (2016) demonstrate that the CO emissions reduce in the range of 16–47% when the biodiesel concentration is increased in the blend from 25% to 75% in a CRDI engine.
Differentiable road pricing for environment-oriented electric vehicle and gasoline vehicle users in the bi-objective transportation network
Published in Transportation Letters, 2022
Haoning Xi, Liu He, Yi Zhang, Zhen Wang
Millions of travelers have to face traffic congestion and vehicular emissions every day, which leads to longer travel time, more fuel waste, increased pollution. In the transportation system, both congestion and emissions are two major disutility, which negatively impacts our daily life in various ways, from being a minor health inconvenience to affecting job satisfaction. Vehicular use is a major source of air pollution, which contributes 30%~50% hydrocarbon (HC), 40%~60% nitrogen oxide (NOx) and 80~90% carbon monoxide (CO) emissions (Jiang et al. 2018). Vehicular emissions not only contribute to air pollution, but also threaten people’s health. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a kind of toxic gas that hinders breathing, and excessive exposure to CO can seriously affect blood circulation and even cause death (Buckeridge et al. 2002).
Effect of methane enrichment on the performance of a dual fuel CI engine
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2021
A. Vijin Prabhu, R. Manimaran, P. Jeba, R. Babu
Figure 5 depicts the variation in the CO emissions and engine load (%) developed by the engine while operating on fuel such as diesel, raw biogas, partially purified biogas and purified biogas. Carbon monoxide is generated in an engine as a product of incomplete combustion due to deficiency of oxygen in the fuel (Pradhan, Raheman, and Padhee 2014, Bora et al. 2014). The CO emissions under DFM is higher than diesel mode for all load condition (Bora et al. 2014, Bora and Saha 2016, Korakianitis, Namasivayam, and Crookes 2011). The CO emission at 100% load for diesel, raw biogas, partially purified biogas and purified biogas is found to be 0.22%, 0.28%, 0.32% and 0.19%, respectively as compared to 0.09%, 0.085%, 0.136% and 0.149% at no load. More amount of fuel has to be supplied at a higher load hence the air–fuel mixture becomes too rich and suffers complete combustion after a particular load (Bora et al. 2014). When the air–fuel mixture is getting lean or stoichiometric, the CO emission is rapidly reduced on condition that sufficient amounts of oxygen for complete combustion is provided (Szwaja et al. 2013).