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Biomass
Published in Dorothy Gerring, Renewable Energy Systems for Building Designers, 2023
Ethanol is a clear, colorless alcohol and is made from fermenting plant starches and sugars. The main crops used for ethanol are corn grain (USA), sugar cane (Brazil), and sugar beets (worldwide). Although ethanol can be made from cellulose in plant fibers (crop residues and wood), it currently takes more steps and is therefore more costly than using starches and sugars.
Energy and Environment
Published in T.M. Aggarwal, Environmental Control in Thermal Power Plants, 2021
With advanced technology being developed, cellulosic biomass, such as trees and grasses, are also used as feedstocks for ethanol production. Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a gasoline additive to increase octane and improve vehicle emissions. Bioethanol is widely used in the USA and in Brazil. The energy costs for producing bioethanol are almost equal to, the energy yields from bio-ethanol. However, according to the European Environment Agency, biofuels do not address global warming concerns.
Biofuel
Published in Atul Sharma, Amritanshu Shukla, Renu Singh, Low Carbon Energy Supply Technologies and Systems, 2020
Guruwendra Singh, Prashant Baredar
There has been an uncontrollable rise in the oil prices observed in the last few decades that have allowed liquid biofuels to become to some extent cost-competitive. Due to this, there has been a surge around the world in research and production of liquid biofuels. Those biofuels that are normally derived from sugar seeds or grains are called first-generation biofuels. Two most important types of first-generations biofuels produced commercially are known as biodiesel and bioethanol. The production of biodiesel is done through the transesterification process of vegetable oils, residue oils, and fats. Biodiesel can be used as an alternative fuel for a diesel-fueled engine with some modifications. Ethanol can be used as a substitute fuel for gasoline (petrol) engine. Ethanol is produced from starch or sugars by fermentation [26].
A comparative study on the corrosion behaviour of welded and un-welded API 5L X70 steel in simulated fuel grade ethanol
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2022
O. O. Joseph, O. S. I. Fayomi, Olakunle O. Joseph, S. A. Afolalu, M. P. Mubaiyi, O. N. Olotu, J. O. Fashola
Alcohol fuels have been around for years, typically mixed with gasoline in a blend (also known as gasohol). E10 (10% ethanol to 90% gasoline) can be used in any internal combustion engine, and many oil companies already blend their fuels that way (Rangel et al., 2016). E10 reduces greenhouse gases by up to 3.9% (Basanta & Ajit, 2016). The use of these fuels in higher proportion requires modification to the fuel storage and delivery systems on cars and trucks. E85, a mixture of 85% ethanol to 15% gasoline, can be used in flex-fuel vehicles. Car enthusiasts have modified their vehicles to run on ethanol or methanol alone, with mixed results. This E85 can reduce the net emissions of greenhouse gases by as much as 37.1%, which is a significant amount. Ethanol, when used as a gasoline additive, serves both as an octane enhancer and oxygenate to promote complete combustion and reduce harmful emissions (Maldonado & Sridhar, 2007).
Experimental study on the effects of ethanol blends on the combustion process, power performance and emission reduction of a motorcycle spark-ignition engine
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Chang Sik Lee, Tuyen Pham Huu, Tuan Le Anh, Tuan Pham Minh, Luong Nguyen The, Tien Nguyen Duy, Khanh Nguyen Duc
Ethanol has long been considered a good fuel for spark-ignition engines (SI), and SI engines have used ethanol fuel early in the combustion engine development. As an alternative fuel, ethanol is a promising low emissions fuel from biomass and is expected to be advantageous for energy security and emission reduction involving greenhouse gas reduction (Taniguchi, Yoshida, and Tsukasaki 2007; Li et al. 2019; Mourad and Mahmoud 2019). There are several primary ways to use ethanol as automotive vehicle fuels, such as blending with conventional gasoline, being a component of reformulated gasoline both directly and transformed into a compound, such as ethyl tertiary butyl aether (ETBE). Ethanol has been mixed with not only gasoline but also diesel and other alternative fuel (Duan et al. 2021b) or using neat ethanol directly as fuel (Richard 2002). To reduce harmful emissions from vehicle engines, many researchers have studied the application of ethanol fuel to automotive gasoline engines, both natural aspirate or turbocharge engines (Nakata et al. 2006; Hubbard, Anderson, and Wallington 2013; Sharma and Agarwal 2017; Duan et al. 2018). Masum et al. (2013) reported a review of the effects of ethanol-gasoline blends on NOx emission in a SI engine. The first part of their study showed the prospect of ethanol fuel as a gasoline substitute, and the second part described the effect of ethanol on NOx emissions.
Emission reduction on ethanol–gasoline blend using cerium oxide nanoparticles as fuel additive
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2018
C. Ananda Srinivasan, C. G. Saravanan, M. Gopalakrishnan
Ethanol (C2H5OH) is a renewable fuel. It can be produced from agricultural feedstock such as sugarcane and also from forestry wood wastes and agricultural residues. It can also be derived chemically from ethylene or ethane. Ethanol has a simple molecular structure with C, H and O atoms and with well-defined physical and chemical properties. Ethanol can be employed as a transportation fuel even in its original form and can also be easily blended with fuels such as gasoline and diesel. Currently, there is much interest in ethanol production from renewable feedstock, to minimize the emissions of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming. The addition of ethanol to gasoline results in the enhancement of the octane number of blended fuels and changes the distillation temperature, apart from reducing the engine emissions (Parag and Raghavan 2009).