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Energy
Published in Bhaskar Singh, Ramesh Oraon, Advanced Nanocatalysts for Biodiesel Production, 2023
The most common types of biofuels are biodiesel, ethanol and biogas, which are produced by various chemical reactions (microbial conversion of lignocellulosic biomass, transesterification, hydrotreatment-alkane isomerization and thermochemical) and refinement. Based on the type of feedstock used, biofuels have been categorized as the first-generation biofuels (using edible biomass such as corn, sugarcane, sugar beet, etc.), Second-generation biofuels use non-edible biomass, food and agro-waste, third-generation biofuels use microorganisms and algae and fourth-generation biofuels use genetically modified microbes (Alalwan et al., 2019; Chowdhury and Loganathan, 2019; Ganguly et al., 2021). The spectrum of feedstocks continues to evolve, mainly due to the food versus fuel debate and to achieve higher energy efficiency.
Prospects of Utilization of Various Solid Agro Wastes for Making Value Added Products for Sustainable Development
Published in Gunjan Mukherjee, Sunny Dhiman, Waste Management, 2023
J. Sharon Mano Pappu, Sathyanarayana N. Gummadi
Biofuels, which are derived from biomass, has an edge over petroleum-based fuels. Use of biofuels helps to mitigate GHG emissions, provides sustainable and clean energy source and reduce the dependency of developing countries on oil import when produced on large scale. Geologically, the biofuel sources are distributed consistently than conventional fossil fuels, which makes the energy source local and readily available; thus, they provide a security of supply. The raw material can be produced with less energy and low input; thus, they are less expensive than conventional feedstock. Due to its sustainability, availability, renewability, provincial development, job opportunities and biodegradability, biofuels have gained vast consideration in countries all over the world (Hahn- Hägerdal et al. 2006).
Biowastes for Ethanol Production
Published in Ram K. Gupta, Tuan Anh Nguyen, Energy from Waste, 2022
Jeffin James Abraham, Christian Randell A. Arro, Ali A. El-Samak, Alaa H. Hawari, Deepalekshmi Ponnamma
According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), it is reported that in the year 2019 approximately 160 billion liters of biofuel were produced, followed by 144 billion liters in 2020 with regard to ground transportation biofuels, as seen in Figure 9.2. With the recent development of the COVID-19 pandemic, the production of biofuels did not reach the projected 2020 values; however, the prospects for biofuels remain promising with expectations of reaching up to 5.4% in contribution toward the 2025 ground transportation energy as opposed to the previous amount of 3% in 2013 [13]. Bioethanol, one of the main members within the biofuel sector, has the greatest production output among its fellow biofuel members with around 115 billion liters produced in 2019, with 59.5 billion liters from the USA and 36 billion liters from Brazil. And with increasing popularity in the Asian markets, increased production from India, Thailand, and most importantly China is said to boost the global production to 119 billion liters toward the years 2023–2025.
A review on the applications of machine learning and deep learning in agriculture section for the production of crop biomass raw materials
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Wei Peng, Omid Karimi Sadaghiani
Biomass sources are known as raw materials that are converted into feedstocks after pre-processing and pre-treatment. Feedstocks are converted into energy or biofuels via biorefinery methods. Then, the produced biofuels can be upgraded during post-processing methods. The produced and upgraded biofuels can be used in engines. In some cases, the produced biofuels and biodiesel can be outperformed by nanoparticles (Jain et al. 2023; Sharma et al. 2022; Said et al. 2023). There are two main categories of biomass raw materials including: crop biomass originated from agriculture or planting, and Waste-source materials. Dedicated energy crops, algae, oilseeds, energy grasses, sugar crops (sugarcane), starch crops are the main samples of the crop biomass raw materials, while agricultural waste, forestry waste, municipal solid waste, Industrial wastes, and manure are counted as waste biomass raw materials.
Advances in sustainable biofuel production from fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass
Published in Biofuels, 2023
Denzel C. Makepa, Chido H. Chihobo, Downmore Musademba
Biofuels are a form of energy fuel made from organic substances (often referred to as biomass) produced by plants and other living things that may be continuously grown and collected. Agricultural and critical harvesting, woods, and residual streams are the main sources of the biofuels used to replace nonrenewable energy fuels [1]. Biofuels typically take the form of biodiesel, which is made from vegetable oils, recycled wax, or animal fats, and bioethanol, which is distilled from plants that contain sugar and starch, such as corn, or biogas. One of the most significant energy sources in the world is petroleum oil. More than 70% of all petroleum fuel is used by the transportation industry. According to estimates, the world will run out of petroleum oil by 2070–2080 due to the substantial increase in petroleum consumption [2]. Due to greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), which include CO2 and other harmful gases including methane, carbon monoxide, and chlorofluorocarbons, petroleum excessive use has raised worries about human health and global warming. By 2040, it is expected that greenhouse gas emissions will reach an estimated 43 billion metric tonnes. Consequently, it is vital to have additional power sources that are quickly available, renewable, and easy to access [3].
Transesterification of vegetable oils into biodiesel by an immobilized lipase: a review
Published in Biofuels, 2023
Akossi Moya Joëlle Carole, Kouassi Konan Edmond, Abolle Abollé, Kouassi Esaie Kouadio Appiah, Yao Kouassi Benjamin
The energy sector is a field that depends heavily on fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas, and coal. The use of these fuels has negative impacts on our planet, including global warming and destruction of the ozone layer, which are the two biggest threats [1, 2]. According to Glanemann et al. [3], to reduce the global temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, it is essential to switch to renewable energy on a global scale. Renewable energies, such as wind, photovoltaic, biomass and geothermal, are alternatives for power generation and transportation. Their use is expected to increase by 50% over the next five years [4]. Along with the demand for renewable energy, the ever-increasing global demand for energy generally has made biofuels an energy asset for the future. In addition to their use as a transportation fuel, biofuels such as biodiesel can also be used for electricity generation [5, 6].