China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Crude Oil Refining—Part 2
Published in Hussein K. Abdel-Aal, Economic Analysis of Oil and Gas Engineering Operations, 2021
The physical characteristics of crude oil determine how refineries process it. In simple terms, crude oils are classified by density and sulfur content. Less dense (lighter) crude oils generally have a higher share of light hydrocarbons. Refineries can produce high-value products such as gasoline, diesel fuel, and jet fuel from light crude oil with simple distillation. When refineries use simple distillation on denser (heavier) crude oils, it produces low-value products. Heavy crude oils require additional, more expensive processing to produce high-value products. Some crude oils also have a high sulfur content, which is an undesirable characteristic in both processing and product quality.
Products
Published in Mark J. Kaiser, Arno de Klerk, James H. Gary, Glenn E. Hwerk, Petroleum Refining, 2019
Mark J. Kaiser, Arno de Klerk, James H. Gary, Glenn E. Hwerk
Flash point is an important safety characteristic that describes the lowest temperature at which fuel will form sufficient vapor to be ignited. Flash point is measured by placing a sample of the oil in a bath with a thermometer. The oil is heated at the rate of 5 to 6°C per minute and a standard flame is introduced every 30 sec. The temperature at which a momentary flash occurs is the flash point. The flash point of Jet A and JP-8 is 38°C (100°F). For the U.S. Navy and other marine users, jet fuel must have a minimum flash point of 60°C (140°F). That is, U.S. Navy jet fuel should not burn unless it is first heated to above 60°C (140°F).
Alternative fuels and green aviation
Published in Emily S. Nelson, Dhanireddy R. Reddy, Green Aviation: Reduction of Environmental Impact Through Aircraft Technology and Alternative Fuels, 2018
All aviation fuels are blends of various hydrocarbons. There are two basic types of jet fuel, which differ by the proportions of hydrocarbons present in the fuel. The carbon number is a measure used to indicate the number of carbon atoms present in a hydrocarbon molecule. For example, methane (CH4) is assigned a carbon number of C1, and octane (C8H18) is C8. The most common type of jet fuel is a kerosene blend with carbon numbers from C8 to C12, and the less typical naphtha-kerosene blend is a “wide-cut” fuel with a broader range of about C5 to C12. By including the lighter hydrocarbons, the fuel’s vapor pressure is reduced, and it has better cold-temperature properties. For civilian aircraft, the most common aviation fuels for powering jet and turboprop engines are:Jet A: a kerosene-grade fuel used throughout the United States, designed to operate under the demanding conditions of flight. Its freeze temperature must be <-40°C.Jet A-1: a kerosene-grade fuel widely available outside the United States. It has a lower freeze point of <-47°C, and there are other minor differences relative to Jet A.Jet B: a naphtha-kerosene blend, used primarily in cold climates such as northern Canada.
Minimum amount of diesel in jet fuel detected by simulated Distillation FID gas chromatography that can influence DEF STAN
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2023
Imran Ahmed Naqvi, Tawfiq Al Ruwaished, Ahmad A Wedhaya, Saleh Al Abbas
Jet fuel is an essential part of the aviation industry designed for aircraft gas-turbine engines. The majority of quality tests for aircraft turbine fuels are undertaken routinely on every large fuel supply (Swinley and Coning 2019). The appearance of jet fuel is clear and bright. There are various types of aviation fuels, but jet A and jet A-1 are the most prevalent for commercial aircraft. These fuels are manufactured in compliance with international standards and norms. The other jet fuel, jet B, is often used in turbine-powered civil aviation, which is essential in severely cold weather conditions. The aviation gasoline (AVGAS) used in piston-engine airplanes has a significantly lower flash point than kerosene. The flash point is one of the most essential characteristics of kerosene for preventing safety hazards. It is regulated stringent international requirements, particularly those of the latest versions of the Aviation Fuel Quality Requirements for Jointly Operated Systems (AFQRJOS 2018), the British DEF STAN 91-91/12 standard, the ASTM D1655 (ASTM D1655 2021) standard, and the NATO F-35 specification.
Studying of different supported metal catalysts for bio-JET production
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2022
Zoltán Eller, Zoltán Varga, Jenő Hancsók
Activities for reducing greenhouse gas and particle emissions of aviation are even more necessary. The aviation industry is responsible for nearly 800 million tons of CO2 emission annually due to increasing in passenger and freight air traffic (Bourgeois 2017). Based on Figure 1 it can be seen that the quantity demand for jet fuel will be higher and higher in the near future (IATA 2019). The increasing jet fuel consumption results higher particle and carbon dioxide emissions of aircrafts, which can contribute to environment and health problems. So, aviation contributes to the climate change in a similar extent than the road transport and marine do.
Experimental Investigation of Thermophysical Properties and Combustion Characteristics of Thickened Jet Fuel
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2021
Manhou Li, Qiuting Luo, Zhizhong Shu, Hanyuan Chen, Yang Pan, Ruijie Li
The jet fuel is a conventional petroleum product for combustion turbine engines and ramjet engines. However, the leakage accidents frequently occur during the production, transportation, storage and application of the jet fuel. The in-situ burning is one of the most common methods is to solve the leaked fuels because this method produces less environmental damage (Kong et al. 2019). The key technology of this method is whether the leaked fuels are ignited successfully. The previous researchers focus on diminishing the ignition temperature by adding suitable additives, i.e., polyisobutylene (PIB) into the fuels.