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Thermoelectric Materials, Measurements, and Opportunities for Energy Harvesting
Published in D. M. Rowe, Materials, Preparation, and Characterization in Thermoelectrics, 2017
A third example is man-portable electrical power supplies. JP-8 fuel is energy-rich with a specific energy value of roughly 13,000 W h/kg. The heat released during combustion of JP-8 in a small handheld burner can be directly converted to electrical power using thermoelectric devices. A thermoelectric device having a mere 5% efficiency could harvest the equivalent of >600 W h/kg. This equivalent specific energy far exceeds that of common batteries: a standard lithium-ion battery has <200 W h/kg, rechargeable batteries such as those based on nickel-cadmium or lead-acid chemistries have <100 W h/kg.
Engine performance
Published in Mohammad H. Sadraey, Aircraft Performance, 2017
JP-8 is the most commonly used fuel for the U.S. Air Force jet engines. The U.S. Navy uses JP-5, a denser, less volatile fuel, than JP-8, which allows it to be safely stored in the skin tanks of ships. The most common commercial aircraft fuels are Jet A and Jet A-1. They are alike except that Jet A has a freezing point below −40°F and Jet A-1 has a freezing point below −58°F. Table 4.6 lists some of the most commonly used fuels. The heating value hPR used for most jet fuels (hydrocarbon fuel) is 18,400 BTU/lb or 10,222 cal/g, or 42,000 kJ/kg. The most common commercial aircraft fuel is Jet A and Jet A-1. In general, piston engine fuels are about 10% lighter than jet fuels.
Immune Modulation by Dermal Exposure to Jet Fuel
Published in Mark L. Witten, Errol Zeiger, Glenn D. Ritchie, Jet Fuel Toxicology, 2010
Gerardo Ramos, Stephen E. Ullrich
Over the years, military jet fuel has evolved to meet modern equipment needs, provide increased safety in fires and crashes, and provide better combat survivability. In the early 1990s, the United States Air Force began a gradual transformation to a new jet fuel. Jet Propulsion (JP)-4 was replaced by JP-8. JP-8 was refined to have a higher flash point, lower vapor pressure, and a lower freezing point than JP-4, to provide a fuel that was less combustible and more explosion proof, more resistant to evaporation during storage, and provide a fuel that performs well at the higher altitudes required during military operations. JP-8 is essentially the same fuel used by commercial airlines (Jet A), but it is supplemented with an anti-corrosive agent, an anti-icing agent, and an anti-static agent to meet the military’s performance specifications. JP-8 is a multi-use fuel used to fuel jet and turboprop aircraft, helicopters, and Navy ships. The Army and Marines use JP-8 to fuel tanks and fighting vehicles and trucks that can run on diesel. In the field, JP-8 is also used to fuel portable heating and air-conditioning units. It is estimated that over 2 million people a year are exposed to 60 billion gallons of jet fuel (Jet A or JP-8) (Ritchie et al., 2003). Jet fuel exposure is a major chemical exposure problem for military and civilian personnel who maintain jet engines, handle fuel, perform fuel tank maintenance, and work on the flight line. Those living on bases with increased flight traffic report that the smell of jet fuel combustion lingers in the air during peak hours (Gerardo Ramos, personal experience), making jet fuel exposure a major potential chemical risk exposure problem for military personnel regardless of whether or not they work on the flight line.
Comparative electrophysiological evaluation of hippocampal function following repeated inhalation exposures to JP-8, Jet A, JP-5, and the synthetic Fischer Tropsch fuel
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2018
Joyce G. Rohan, Shawn M. McInturf, Molly K. Miklasevich, Chester P. Gut, Michael D. Grimm, James E. Reboulet, William R. Howard, Karen L. Mumy
JP-8 is a kerosene-type jet fuel widely used by the U.S. Air Force, Army, and Navy. Jet A, which is virtually identical to JP-8, is currently used for commercial aircraft and may likely replace JP-8 in military operations in the future. The U.S. Navy also uses JP-5, similar to JP-8 in composition but possesses a higher flash point, which provides an additional layer of safety in fuel handling on aircraft carriers. Main components of JP-8, Jet A, and JP-5 are aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons (Risher et al. 2017; Table 1). Jet A is the base fuel used for the production of JP-8 and JP-5. Typical additives to JP-8 and JP-5 include antioxidants, static inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors, fuel system icing inhibitors, lubrication improvers, biocides, and thermal stability improvers. Fischer Tropsch (FT) is a kerosene-type fuel similar to JP-8 and JP-5 but contains only trace amount (<1%) of aromatic compounds and produced from alternative energy resources (Lamprecht 2007) (Table 1). There is a great deal of interest by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) in jet fuels derived from alternative energy mainly because their use might reduce our dependence on import of crude oil from foreign sources.
Toxicity and human health assessment of an alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) synthetic kerosene developed under an international agreement with Sweden
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2023
D.R. Mattie, B.A. Wong, K.L. Mumy, S.M. McInturf, L.M. Shafer, R. Allen, J.T. Edwards, I. Sibomana, T.R. Sterner
In 1979, the U.S. Air Force (USAF) began switching from the use of jet propulsion fuel-4 (JP-4) to jet propulsion fuel-8 (JP-8) in its entire aircraft fleet, due to a number of performance and safety advantages offered by JP-8. JP-8 is a kerosene-based fuel consisting of hundreds of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons (Ritchie et al. 2003). The generic term “kerosene” is used to describe the fraction of crude oil that has a boiling temperature ranging approximately from 150 to 290◦C (302 to 554◦F) and consisting of hydrocarbons containing approximately 9 to 16 carbon atoms (Lam et al. 2012). In the United States, kerosene is predominantly employed in aviation turbine fuel for civilian i.e., Jet A or Jet A-1) and military (i.e., JP-8 or JP-5) aircraft (White et al. 2013). JP-8 is now the primary jet fuel used by the USAF and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) military operations (Fife et al. 2018). The chemical compositions of kerosene-based jet fuels are not fixed based upon chemical %, but are rather bounded by specification requirements such as aromatic contents, density, boiling temperature range, and freezing point (White et al. 2013). Since the JP-8 specification is based primarily upon performance characteristics, batches of JP-8 continuously vary in their chemical composition (McDougal et al. 2000). The chemical composition of jet fuels usually consists of hundreds and perhaps thousands of individual hydrocarbon chemicals and their isomers (McDougal et al. 2000). JP-8 typically contains approximately 18% aromatic hydrocarbons and 82% aliphatic hydrocarbons and the later consisting of 9% C8–C9, 65% C10–C14, and 7% C15–C17 with an average molecular weight of 180 g/mol (McDougal et al. 2000; NRC 1996).
Analysis of emission characteristics of gas turbine engines with some alternative fuels
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2018
A. M. Starik, A. M. Savel’ev, O. N. Favorskii, N. S. Titova
From the 1970s the commercial aviation companies use kerosene-type fuels Jet-A (in USA) and Jet-A1 (in the rest of the world) that are similar to each other. JP-8 fuel used in the USA air forces is an analog of the Jet-A kerosene and differs from the latter by special additives reducing corrosion, freezing temperature, etc. The properties of jet fuel Jet-A1 are regulated by the standard defined in 1994 as the Aviation Fuel Quality Requirement for Jointly Operated Systems (AFQRJOS) (Guibet 1999).