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Common Sense Emergency Response
Published in Robert A. Burke, Common Sense Emergency Response, 2020
Potassium metal, a metallic element, from family one on the periodic table of elements, is soft and silvery in color, and frequently found in high school and college laboratories. When shipped in transportation, it is found in a metal container stored under kerosene or naphtha to keep it from coming into contact with the air. While not air-reactive, potassium and other metals of family one can react to the moisture in the air. When encountered in labs, potassium and other metals are often stored in improper containers, such as mayonnaise or canning jars. This type of storage increases the dangers during an emergency should the glass containers be broken and expose the metal to the air and spill the flammable liquid also in the container. Like other members of family one, it is a dangerous fire risk and reacts violently with water to liberate hydrogen gas (which is highly flammable) (Figure 4.140). The heat from the reaction of the water and the potassium can be enough to ignite hydrogen.
Feedstock Composition and Properties
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
Kerosene (kerosine), also called paraffin or paraffin oil, is a flammable pale-yellow or colorless oily liquid with a characteristic odor. It is obtained from petroleum and used for burning in lamps and domestic heaters or furnaces, as a fuel or fuel component for jet engines, and as a solvent for greases and insecticides. Kerosene is intermediate in volatility between naphtha and gas oil. It is medium oil distilling between 150°C and 300°C (300°F–570°F). Kerosene has a flash point about 25°C (77°F) and is suitable for use as an illuminant when burned in a wide lamp. The term kerosene is also too often incorrectly applied to various fuel oils, but a fuel oil is actually any liquid or liquid petroleum product that produces heat when burned in a suitable container or that produces power when burned in an engine.
Summary, Safety and Environmental Considerations
Published in Don E. Bray, Roderic K. Stanley, Nondestructive Evaluation, 2018
Don E. Bray, Roderic K. Stanley
Fluids that are volatile and flammable are potentially hazardous due to the likelihood of fire and explosion. The flammability of a material is indicated by the flash point. Penetrant materials, as tabulated by Booth et al.50 range from those having no flash point, the chlorinated hydrocarbons, to the most dangerous materials acetone, benzene and toluene which have Hash points at or below 8°C (40°F). Kerosene shows the highest flash point at 65°C (145°F), For small trays or spray applications, the materials are normally dispersed rapidly enough to where there is not normally a risk. There may be considerable risk, however, for large, open tanks where there is considerable surface area from which vapors might escape. Citing United States federal regulations, Booth et al.15 state that the minimum flash point for liquids used in open tanks with no special precautions is 93°C (200°F).
The Effect of Ultrasound Treatment on Oil Agglomeration of Barite
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2023
The barite sample used in the experiments was obtained from the Sivas region in Turkey. Particle size analysis was conducted using a laser diffractometer (Malvern Mastersizer 2000, UK) and the particle size distribution of the ground sample is shown in Figure 1. As can be seen in Figure 1, the 80% of the prepared sample is under 212 μm. The ultrasound homogenizer (probe) used in this study has a frequency of 20 kHz and a titanium probe with a diameter of 13 mm (Bandelin Sonopuls HD 3200). Kerosene was used as bridging liquid. The density of kerosene was found to be 0.8 g/cm3. Sodium oleate (C17H33COONa, Merck) was used as the anionic collector in the agglomeration tests. Oleic acid (Carlo Erba) and NaOH (Merck) were used in the preparation of sodium oleate. The natural pH value of the sample was measured as 5.5, and NaOH at 1% concentration by weight and HCl (Merck) at 5% concentration by volume were used to adjust the pH value of the suspensions. Distilled water was used in all experiments and measurements.
Properties of narrow cuts of hydrocracked kerosene for jet fuel
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2023
Hugo Kittel, Kateřina Chrudimská, Daniel Kadleček, Martin Pšenička, Pavel Šimáček
Original kerosene was taken from an industrial hydrocracker unit processing first of all vacuum distillates (80 wt% of the feed) with the addition of heavy atmospheric gas oil and visbreaking vacuum gas oil (Kittel, Kadleček, and Šimáček 2021). The kerosene fraction was sampled at the end of the hydrocracking catalyst operational cycle, after 600 days of operation of the hydrocracking unit. It was not easy to get a sample like that. The specification of JET A-1 was considered as a measure of quality (JIG 2022). The concentration of aromatics (26.9 vol%) in this sample only slightly exceeded the maximum allowed by the specification of jet fuel, which, given the focus of the investigation, was an advantage. Compared to the aromatic content of JP-8 jet fuel, the military alternative to JET A-1, this was a really high concentration (Colket et al. 2008).
The influence of ultrasound treatment on the hydrophobic flocculation of lignite
Published in International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 2022
Coal (lignite) sample was obtained from the Konya (Ilgın district) region in Turkey. The lignite sample contains 26.02% ash, 24.5% moisture, 16.9% fixed carbon and 14.1 MJ/kg calories on a dry basis. The coal samples taken for use in the study were reduced by applying the cone method and the amount that could be sufficient was taken and ground for 1 hour with a ball mill. Particle size analysis were conducted using a laser diffractometer (Malvern Mastersizer 2000, UK) and the particle size distribution of the ground samples are shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen Fig. 1, the prepared sample has 80% passing at 140 μm. Kerosene, which was used as a bridging fluid, was supplied from the local petroleum office. The density of kerosene was found to be 0.8 g/cm3. Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) was used as the inorganic dispersant. Sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid produced by Merck (as 1% and 5% solutions) were used to adjust the pH value of the suspension. The ultrasonic homogenizer used in experimental studies (Bandelin HD 3200, Germany) has a constant frequency of 20 kHz and a maximum power of 200 Watt.