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Fuels
Published in Kenneth M. Bryden, Kenneth W. Ragland, Song-Charng Kong, Combustion Engineering, 2022
Kenneth M. Bryden, Kenneth W. Ragland, Song-Charng Kong
Flash point is an indication of the maximum temperature at which a liquid fuel can be stored and handled without serious fire hazard. Flash point is the minimum temperature at which fuel will rapidly catch fire when exposed to an open flame located above a mixture. An example of a flash point of interest is the ignitability of the mixture above the liquid fuel in a partially full fuel tank. Gasoline, which has a flash point of –43°C, is typically so volatile that the mixture above the liquid fuel is too rich to burn. No. 2 diesel fuel (flash point of 60–80°C) and biodiesel (flash point of 100–170°C) are so nonvolatile that the mixture above the liquid fuel is too lean to burn. Ethanol has a flash point of 13°C, which is volatile enough to produce combustible mixtures at the room temperature condition; thus, ethanol storage requires a careful planning.
Applied Chemistry and Physics
Published in Robert A. Burke, Applied Chemistry and Physics, 2020
Gasoline has a flash point of −40°F, and pure ethanol has a flash point of 55°F. The flash point of E85 is −20°F to −4°F. The lower flash point of gasoline lowers the higher flash point of pure ethanol. At lower temperatures (<32), E85 vapors are more flammable than gasoline. However, at higher temperatures, E85 vapor is less flammable than gasoline because of the higher autoignition temperature of E85. Because of a lower vapor pressure and a lower heat of combustion, E85 is generally less of a fire risk than gasoline. Ethanol does have a much wider flammable range than gasoline, which means that it will burn in a greater number of concentrations with air than gasoline. It is possible for materials with wide flammable ranges to burn inside containers under the right conditions.
Terms and Definitions
Published in Rick Houghton, William Bennett, Emergency Characterization of Unknown Materials, 2020
Rick Houghton, William Bennett
Flash point is the lowest temperature of a flammable liquid that can form an ignitable mixture with air. According to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), flash point is “the minimum temperature at which a liquid or a solid emits vapor sufficient to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid or the solid.” NIOSH defines flash point as “the temperature at which the liquid phase gives off enough vapor to flash when exposed to an external ignition source.” The vapor pressure of the flammable liquid determines the output of flammable vapor. The vapor pressure is determined by the liquid temperature.
Comparison of the slow, fast, and flash pyrolysis of recycled maize-cob biomass waste, box-benhken process optimization and characterization studies for the thermal fast pyrolysis production of bio-energy
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2022
B. O. Adelawon, G. K. Latinwo, B. E. Eboibi, O. O. Agbede, S. E. Agarry
Flash point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid oil can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air (Khan et al. 2016). That is, it is a measure of oil volatility or temperature required for the oil vapors to ignite (i.e., ease of ignition) (Ige et al. 2021). It is used for characterizing the fire hazards of fuels. The higher the flash point, the lower the presence of highly volatile compounds, and thus the safer the oil handling as the possibility of accidental vapor ignition will be reduced. The maize-cob-derived-bio-oil flash point was obtained to be 320 °C which is very high. The flash point value obtained for this oil is greater than the 130 °C specified by ASTM D6751 and 45 °C specified for conventional fuel Grade G and D by ASTM D7544-12 and thus indicates that maize-cob-derived-bio-oil storage is safe and stable at room temperature. However, bio-oil’s oxygen content and high viscosity may cause it to exhibit instability during storage (Zhang et al. 2011). The flash point value obtained in this study is comparable to the flash point value of 250 °C obtained for corncob by Dawodu et al. (2019).
A review on the production and physicochemical properties of renewable diesel and its comparison with biodiesel
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Rashi Koul, Naveen Kumar, R.C Singh
Flash point is the lowermost temperature, wherein any organic compound gives out enough vapors to ignite when exposed to a flame (Yoon 2009). It gives a clarity about the fuel’s flammability nature and the volatility. Flash point of the fuel is very important as it makes an operator aware of taking safety precautions while handling it (Eder and Pizzighelli 1882). All fluids have a definite vapor pressure, which is a component of that fluid’s temperature and is liable to Boyle’s Law. As temperature builds up, vapor pressure also rises and leads to an expansion in the vapor concentration of a fuel. This indicates that temperature is a significant property in the vapor concentration formation. At flash point, the amount of vapors produced is not sufficient to sustain the combustion. It will only ignite, until the time the fuel is in contact with the source of ignition or a flame. The lower the flash point temperature, the more volatile is the fuel, which shows the inverse relationship between them. From Table 2, the flash point temperature is tabulated for different vegetable oil, which ranges from 210°C to 290°C, which makes it safe as per ASTM D9751 criteria. As per the work done by Kin et al. (Cheah et al. 2016), waste cooking oil and canola oil were considered to be safer and easy to handle as feedstocks.
Biodiesel production from goat fat using calcium oxide nanocatalyst and its combination with diesel fuel to improve fuel properties
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2021
Reza Khalifeh, Hossein Esmaeili
Flash point is the lowest temperature at which vapour of the fuel will ignite when given an ignition source. High flash point of biodiesel in comparison to fuels derived from oil makes it safer from transportation and storage point of view (Alptekin and Canakci 2011; Ghobadian, Khatamifar and Rahimi 2006). The flash point of fuel increases when the percentage of the biodiesel increase in the mixture, so the mixture of diesel and biodiesel is safer for transportation and storage. B75 and B100 fuels with the flash points of 129°C and 164°C, respectively, were within the range of standard EN 14,214 (>120°C); however, the flash points of other fuel mixtures were not in the standard range.