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Standard of Care and Hazmat Planning
Published in Robert A. Burke, Standard of Care and Hazmat Planning, 2020
Red placards may be found in hazard Class 2 compressed gases with a flammability hazard and Class 3 flammable liquids. Flammable gases include propane, hydrogen and butane. Flammable liquids include gasoline, acetone, alcohols and ketones. When response personnel recognize that a flammable hazard exists, they should take every precaution to prevent ignition of the material. Ignition sources can include open flames, smoking, welding and other hot operations, heat from friction, radiant heat, static electrical charge, electrical sources, mechanical sparks and spontaneous ignition. Fire apparatus can be a source of ignition and should be positioned properly to avoid being an ignition source. Compressed gases are a hazard class because of the pressure in the containers, which presents a hazard in addition to the physical and chemical characteristics of the gases. A green placard also indicates a compressed gas, which is considered by DOT to be nonflammable. This can be dangerously deceiving, because anhydrous ammonia is placarded as a nonflammable compressed gas, when, in fact, it will burn under certain conditions, usually inside a building or in a confined space. This is because the DOT definition of a flammable gas does not fit the flammable range of anhydrous ammonia. Other nonflammable gases include carbon dioxide, nitrogen and argon. There is also a white compressed gas placard for poisons. Poison gases include chlorine and phosgene.
Applied Chemistry and Physics
Published in Robert A. Burke, Applied Chemistry and Physics, 2020
Small fires involving ethanol and its blends can be extinguished with a Class B-type fire extinguisher (dry chemical). Generally, large fires involving flammable liquids are best contained and extinguished using firefighting foam. There are two basic firefighting foams: one for hydrocarbon fires and the other for alcohol or polar solvent-type fires. Fires involving ethanol/gasoline mixtures with greater than 10% alcohol (E85 for example) should be treated differently than traditional gasoline fires. DOT recommends that emergency responders refer to Orange Guide 127 of the Emergency Response Guidebook when responding to incidents involving fuel mixtures known to contain or potentially contain more than 10% alcohol. Orange Guide 127 specifies the use of alcohol-resistant foam. Ethanol mixtures above 10% are polar/water-miscible flammable liquids and degrade the effectiveness of non-alcohol-resistant firefighting foams.
Summary, Safety and Environmental Considerations
Published in Don E. Bray, Roderic K. Stanley, Nondestructive Evaluation, 2018
Don E. Bray, Roderic K. Stanley
Fluids that are volatile and flammable are potentially hazardous due to the likelihood of fire and explosion. The flammability of a material is indicated by the flash point. Penetrant materials, as tabulated by Booth et al.50 range from those having no flash point, the chlorinated hydrocarbons, to the most dangerous materials acetone, benzene and toluene which have Hash points at or below 8°C (40°F). Kerosene shows the highest flash point at 65°C (145°F), For small trays or spray applications, the materials are normally dispersed rapidly enough to where there is not normally a risk. There may be considerable risk, however, for large, open tanks where there is considerable surface area from which vapors might escape. Citing United States federal regulations, Booth et al.15 state that the minimum flash point for liquids used in open tanks with no special precautions is 93°C (200°F).
Experimental Research on the Effectiveness of Different Types of Foam of Extinguishing Methanol / Diesel Pool Fires
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2022
Zhaoqian Li, Hongqing Zhu, Jinlong Zhao, Yilong Zhang, Lintao Hu
There is an urgent need for a cleaner and more efficient disposal and treatment of the rapidly growing fires in fuel storage tanks, in particular, given the raised public concern about liquid firefighting technology. Usually, foam extinguishing agents are used to combat a variety of flammable liquid fires (Scheffey, Danvin, and Leonard 1995). Foam extinguishing pool fires involved complex heat and mass transferring processes. Various factors affect the effectiveness of foam extinguishing, such as the foam expansion, gas–liquid ratio, effectual fire extinguishing ingredients, the type of liquid fuel, external environmental conditions, etc. Meanwhile, most of the main features of foam fire extinguishing focus on the isolation of liquid-phase combustibles and gas-phase combustion aids, the cooling effect of water in the foam, and the dilution of oxygen concentration in the combustion zone by water vapor generated by heat (Lattimer and Trelles 2007; Ranjbar and Shahraki 2013; Sontake and Wagh 2014; Wang et al. 2021; Zhao and Liu 2016).
A greener tetraphenylporphyrin synthesis and metallation: an undergraduate teaching experiment
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2023
Matthew A. Nitka, Katarina E. Zerbee, Julianne M. Dee, Matthew A. Cranswick, Edward P. Zovinka, John R. De Backere
Proper protective equipment (e.g. goggles, lab coat, nitrile gloves, etc.) should be worn at all times and work performed in a fume hood where possible. Ethyl acetate (EtOAc), ethanol (EtOH), methanol (MeOH), and propionic acid are highly flammable. Refluxing solvent and hotplates can cause burns. Metal salts are generally toxic and environmentally hazardous, and the cobalt and nickel acetate salts are suspected carcinogens. Propionic acid is corrosive and can cause severe skin and eye irritation or damage.