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Certification of alternative fuels
Published in Emily S. Nelson, Dhanireddy R. Reddy, Green Aviation: Reduction of Environmental Impact Through Aircraft Technology and Alternative Fuels, 2018
Emily S. Nelson, Dhanireddy R. Reddy
All current aviation equipment has been developed, tested, and certified to use petroleum-based jet fuel, which meets stringent specifications to ensure the performance and, more importantly, the safety of operations. Operating with alternative jet fuels was approved after it was first demonstrated that the new alternative fuels were essentially identical to the existing petroleum-derived fuel, and then those fuels were incorporated into existing military and commercial fuel specifications. Aviation fuel specifications are used to define the operating limitations for virtually all gas-turbine-powered aircraft in operation today. The most commonly used aviation fuel types and their corresponding specifications are given by:Jet A/Jet A-1: ASTM D1655 (2014, United States) and ASTM D7566 (2014, United States)Jet A-1: DEFSTAN 91-91 (2011, United Kingdom)Jet propellant (JP-8): MIL-DTL-83133 (2013, U.S. Department of Defense)JP-5: MIL-DTL-5624 (2013, U.S. Department of Defense)
Effect of chemical dispersion on distribution of distillates cuts in various crude oil samples
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2023
Imtiaz Ahmad, Waqas Ahmad, Syed Mohammad Sohail, Aftab Yasin
The different marketable products derived from crude oil distillation/fractionation such as fuel gas, light or heavy naphtha, kerosene, aviation fuel, light or heavy gasoil and the amount of residues is strongly dependent on the quality of the petroleum which are characterized by the ASTM curves (Pasquini and Bueno 2007). An ASTM distillation curve is obtained by plotting the cumulative mass or volume distillation fractions with increasing temperature. The shape of the curve depends on the volatility of the components present in each crude oil and is helpful to decide about the suitability of crude for onward refining operations. As such, the curve gives a “footprint” of the composition of a crude oil (Behrenbruch and Dedigama 2007). Furthermore, the curve is used to understand the behavior of oil before distillation, when the oil is subjected to a distillation tower on an industrial scale and to know about the percentage of distillates obtained at specific temperature (Lopes et al. 2012).
Application of biodiesel for 12-cylinder, supercharged military combat vehicle
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Vishal Kumbhar, Anand Kumar Pandey, Anil Varghese, Saurabh Wanjari
This paper has investigated the possible use of biodiesel for the military combat vehicle during wartime. Experimentation was carried out using standard diesel, military aviation fuel (JP-8) and two most popular biodiesel derived from Karanja and Jatropha seed oil. A 12-cylinder, supercharged diesel engine used in combat vehicle was found to run satisfactorily on KOME and JOME biodiesel without any modifications in existing engine. Amongst all tests fuels JP-8 produced maximum brake power. JOME produced slightly increased power vis-à-vis KOME. The maximum power values at 2000 rpm for standard diesel, JP-8, KOME and JOME were 560, 574, 545 and 547 kW. Due to higher values of density and viscosities KOME and JOME showed increased fuel consumption compared to standard diesel and JP-8. However, reduction in exhaust temperatures was seen for KOME and JOME due to poor combustion characteristics. NOx emissions increased by 12% and 19% for KOME and JOME compared to standard diesel. Carbon (CO) and Hydrocarbon (HC) emissions were reduced with the use of KOME and JOME at all engine speeds. Additional oxygen content reduced ignition, and leaner air–fuel mixture was the possible reasons for it. Higher smoke opacity was observed for standard diesel, KOME and JOME reduced smoke opacity by 29% and 27%. Better lubricity and damping resulted in a decrease in exhaust sound for biodiesel fuels. Thus, during wartime, biodiesel fuels can contribute significantly towards the problems related to fuel crisis and can be used efficiently for combat vehicles.
Carbon budget management in the civil aviation industry using an interactive control perspective
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 2021
Caiping Zhang, Kaiyang Song, Hui Wang, Timothy O. Randhir
AC Aviation needs to consider its business and emission reduction capabilities. The abatement plan is implemented as follows: Operational carbon emission reduction: Use 50,000 tons of biomass aviation fuel instead of the aviation kerosene. Biomass aviation fuel combustion generates about 30% of the unit carbon emissions produced by aviation kerosene combustion, so this emission reduction measure can reduce carbon emissions by 110,360 tons.Investment in carbon emission reduction: Winglets will be added to 20 newly purchased aircraft. This measure reduced carbon emissions by 15,009 tons.