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Green Six Sigma and Green Transports
Published in Ron Basu, The Green Six Sigma Handbook, 2023
There are a number of methods that can be implemented to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from transportation, including the following: Do less moving around by transports. This requires less driving and reduced travel by air and sea. We should encourage more walking, cycling and working from home. During the Covid-19 pandemic a ‘new normal’ way of working, by using technology for virtual communication tools, has been established and proven to be effective.Use fewer carbon-intensive materials (e.g. steel and plastics) in making cars, trucks, buses, planes and ships. The less we use these materials in a car, the smaller its carbon footprint will be.Use fuels more efficiently by setting fuel efficiency standards. Cars have been designed with innovative components (e.g. catalytic converters) and more efficient engines to meet these standards. These methods are all on the right track and will reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere—but they will not get us to zero emissions. The key way in which we can move towards net zero is by switching to electric vehicles (EVs) or using alternative fuels. These alternative fuels (e.g. ethanol for petrol and biodiesel for diesel) contain carbon, albeit in a negligible proportion. EV is the cleaner and greener option.
Automotive Engine Oil Technical Trends in North America
Published in Leslie R. Rudnick, Synthetics, Mineral Oils, and Bio-Based Lubricants, 2020
Perhaps the greatest factor affecting current technical trends in engine oil quality is the motivation behind engine oil improvements. In 1964, “… the chief benefit to the customer of longer drain oils is not one of cost but of savings in time and trouble.” Now, fuel efficiency and exhaust emission control are major drivers for improvements to engine oils [3]. Fuel efficiency improvements and exhaust emission reductions are driven by worldwide government regulations. Figure 59.1 shows the US passenger car and light duty truck corporate average fuel economy standard requirements from 1980 until 2025 [4]. From 2010 until 2025 there is a sharp increase in fuel economy requirements. This sharp increase in the requirements is designed to reduce CO2 emissions from approximately 250 grams per mile in 2017 to approximately 163 grams per mile in 2025. To improve fuel efficiency, passenger cars equipped with turbocharged gasoline direct injection engines (TGDI) are being introduced and these vehicles can emit exhaust soot [5,6]. Therefore, in the passenger car arena, there is a recent focus on reducing particulate emissions [5,6]. Particulate emission and NOx reductions have been the focus of on-highway heavy-duty truck emission standards from 1988 until 2010 [4]. Figure 59.2 shows sharp improvements in emission requirements occurred in the early to mid-1990s and are now leveling off in the 2010s. For heavy-duty trucks improving fuel economy to reduce CO2 emissions is a more recent priority [4].
Recent Developments in Textile-Reinforced Composites and Biocomposites
Published in Asis Patnaik, Sweta Patnaik, Fibres to Smart Textiles, 2019
Asanda Mtibe, Teboho C. Mokhena, Sudhakar Muniyasamy, Osei Ofosu, Mokgaotsa J. Mochane
Automotive segment dominated the overall industry in 2016 followed by construction segment. The major driving force for developing composites for the aforementioned segments is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other harmful pollutants. Regulatory agencies have stipulated the stringent legislations to reduce gross vehicular weight. In addition, the reduction of vehicular weight improves the performance of the vehicle and enhances higher fuel efficiency. The frontrunners of composites market in 2016 were North America and Europe followed by Asia Pacific, which is anticipated to increase over 20% of the overall market share by 2025. The Asia Pacific region is estimated to grow by 11.5% from 2017 to 2025 (Grand View Research 2018).
Comparative studies on thermal performance of spiraled rod inserts in laminar flow with nanofluids
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2023
S. Anbu, P. Kalidoss, K. Elangovan, P. Arunkumar
Nanofluids and inserts are used to improve heat transfer in several kinds of industrial applications. Here are some real-world examples of nanofluids and inserts used to improve heat transfer. (i) Refrigeration and air conditioning: The use of nanofluids in refrigeration and air conditioning systems can enhance energy efficiency and lower total operating costs. (ii) Automotive industry: Nanofluids and inserts can be used to increase the efficiency of automobile engines. This results in increased fuel efficiency and lower emissions(iii) Energy systems: Nanofluids can be used to improve heat transmission in solar collectors, heat exchangers, and power plants. Energy efficiency can be improved, and the overall cost of energy generation can be reduced, by employing nanofluids in these systems. (iv) Electronics cooling: Electronics, including computer chips and electronic circuits, can be cooled using nanofluids. (v) Chemical industry: Inserts can be used in chemical reactors to improve heat transfer and reaction speeds. This can contribute to increased productivity and lower costs in chemical production.
Innovations impacting the future of transportation: an overview of connected, automated, shared, and electric technologies
Published in Transportation Letters, 2023
Kai Huang, Kara Kockelman, Krishna Murthy Gurumurthy
Faced with the energy and climate crises, the widespread adoption of electric vehicles is of paramount importance. There are several categories of electric vehicles, including battery-electric vehicles, hybrid-electric vehicles, and fuel-cell-based electric vehicles (Khaligh and Li 2010). Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) use a battery to store energy. Plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles (PHEVs) use both gasoline (or diesel) energy and electric power. They can be charged externally and harvest power from vehicle operation. But, their electric-only range is typically only 10–30 miles. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are more fuel-efficient than internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) due to the optimization of the engine operation and recovery of kinetic energy during braking. Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) use hydrogen as the fuel to produce electricity and are emission-free.
Eco-friendly platooning operation algorithm of the electric vehicles
Published in Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2023
Joonwon Jang, Sung Il Kwag, Young Dae Ko
However, proper operation strategy is needed to fully make use of these advantages and it has been steadily studied by many researchers. Bonnet and Fritz (2000), Michaelian and Browand (2000), Hammache et al. (2002), and Schito and Braghin (2012) investigated the factors that affect fuel efficiency when platooning. Bonnet and Fritz (2000), and Michaelian and Browand (2000) showed that fuel consumption decreased as the platoon’s inter-vehicle distances decreased. Fuel-efficiency varies depending on the shape of the vehicles and the coefficient of aerodynamic drag as well. Hammache et al. (2002) showed that the coefficient of the aerodynamic drag of the entire platoon differs as the order and the combination of the vehicles with different coefficients change. In the extended flow of Hammache et al. (2002), Schito and Braghin (2012) showed that sedans with an Ahmed body and a 30° back-face angle had less fuel reduction ratio compared to vans and compact cars with a 0° back-face angle when platooning.