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Case Study
Published in Stephen S. Olin, Exposure to Contaminants in Drinking Water, 2020
The characteristics used to simulate the occupant water uses for this case study are given in Table 7.4. The values given in Table 7.4 for event duration for the dishwasher and clothes washer are consistent with those reported in the Exposure Factors Handbook in Tables 16.20 and 16.22, respectively. In response to customer demand and Department of Energy (DOE) rules, the water consumption in new machines has decreased significantly from the values reported in the Exposure Factors Handbook (Hakkinen, 1997). New dishwashers currently average between 8.5 and 9 gallons per use as compared to the range of 9.5 to 12 gallons per use reported in the Exposure Factors Handbook. The weighted average water use of new clothes washers is 35.6 gallons per cycle compared to the range of 41 to 55 gallons reported in the Exposure Factors Handbook (U.S. EPA, 1997, Chapter 16). Approximately 60% of the machines in use are “extra large/super capacity” washers averaging about 39.2 gallons per cycle and 40% of the machines in use are “large capacity” washers using approximately 30.2 gallons per cycle (Hakkinen, 1997). Ideally, any estimate of average water use per cycle would be calculated from the frequency of use for each machine size, but this is not possible as frequency information is not currently available.
All about water basic concepts
Published in Frank R. Spellman, The Drinking Water Handbook, 2017
Let’s review a few basic facts about that glass of water: Water is liquid between 0°C and 100°C (32°F and 212°F), solid at or below 0°C (32°F), and gaseous at or above 100°C (212°F). One gallon of water weighs 8.33 pounds (3.778 kilograms), and one gallon of water equals 3.785 liters. One cubic foot of water equals 7.50 gallons (28.35 liters). One ton of water equals 240 gallons. One acre-foot of water equals 43,560 cubic feet (325,900 gallons). Earth’s rate of rainfall equals 340 cubic miles per day (16 million tons per second).
Hydro Power
Published in Sergio C. Capareda, Introduction to Renewable Energy Conversions, 2019
Hydro power is the renewable energy source that produces the most electricity in the United States. Power from water accounted for 6% of the total U.S. electricity generation and 60% of power generated from renewables in 2010. This supplies 28 million households with an electricity equivalent to nearly 500 million barrels of oil. One barrel of oil is equivalent to 42 U.S. gallons [159.0 liters]. The United States consumes around 18.8 million barrels of crude oil per day (EIA, 2018).
Bacterial community in a freshwater pond responding to the presence of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
Published in Environmental Technology, 2020
Dongqing Zhang, Weilan Zhang, Yanna Liang
The Indian pond is located on the uptown campus of University at Albany, SUNY, New York, USA (42°21'16.4"N and 70°39'01.2"W). The study area has a mean annual temperature of 9°C (minimum, minus 9.7°C in Jan; maximum, 27.2°C in July) and mean annual precipitation of 1000.1 mm. The total surface area of the Indian pond is about 31.1 hectares, and the water depth is around 6.71 meters. This pond is surrounded by surface flow wetlands in the vicinity of the entrance of the main water sources, and can generally be characterized as mesotrophic or moderately productive. It is designed as a stormwater collection pond to receive runoff from the campus. In addition to preventing flooding, the pond is also a source of water for irrigating the athletic fields and lawns. The total capacity is around 6 million gallons of water. When excessive runoff occurs, a spillway directs the overflow, via an underground pipe, to the Krumkill watershed and ultimately to the Hudson River.