China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Basics
Published in William Bolton, Engineering Science, 2020
Most of the industrial world, and in general the scientific community, use the SI metric measurement system. Britain now officially uses the metric system for everyday applications. Imperial measures were used in Britain for hundreds of years and in the USA such imperial measures, essentially the same as the old UK imperial system, are still used, though there are some slight differences, e.g. the UK pint was about 20% more than the US pint. Imperial measures of length are the inch, the foot, the yard and the mile with 12 inches equal to 1 foot, 3 feet equal to 1 yard and 1760 yards being 1 mile. One inch is about 2.5 cm, 1 foot is about 30 cm, 1 yard is almost 1 m and 1 mile is just over 1.5 km. For mass, the imperial measures are ounces (oz), ponds (lb) and stones. One ounce is about 30 g, 1 pound is about half a kg and 1 stone is about 6.5 kg. For volume, the imperial measures are pints and gallons, there being 8 pints in a gallon. One pint is just over half a litre and 1 gallon about 4.5 litres.
Foundations of Metrology
Published in Anders Andersson, Measurement Technology for Process Automation, 2017
Today, the metric system is extended to many units known as Système International d’Unités (SI). SI units cover everything, but are not accepted everywhere. Units other than SI units are used in, for example, both the United States and the United Kingdom (sometimes called imperial units). Still, both these countries have adopted SI units.
Experimental and Numerical Study on Dou-Gong Joint of Ancient Wooden Structure in Qing Dynasty
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2022
Zhou Ting, Xinfeng Song, Long Zhang, Renwen Sun
Several scholars have conducted a series of experiments to explore the failure characteristics, force transmission paths, and load displacement curve of the Dou-Gong joint under vertical loads. Gao, Zhao, and Xue 2003) designed three 1:3.52 scale Dou-Gongs with reference to the construction method in the Song dynasty, and subsequently conducted a vertical load test study to obtain a simplified theoretical model of Dou-Gong. (Zhiyong, 2011) and (Chen et al., 2014) studied the results of two scaled models of typical Dou-Gong brackets of Yingxian wood pagoda tests. They determined the behavior, failure modes, and load path of the Dou-Gong brackets under vertical loading. Zhou et al. (2015, 2017) conducted vertical loading tests to study the Dou-Gong brackets in the Taihe Palace of the Forbidden City. A tri-linear vertical stiffness calculation model of Dou-Gong was proposed. (Xue et al., 2019) studied the results of two 1/3.52-scaled models of Dou–Gong joints (Qing dynasty style) tests subjected to vertical and quasi-static loadings. They obtained the failure mode of the structure and analyzed the relationship between the vertical load and vertical displacement. (Cao et al., 2021) studied the results of four full-scale Dou-Gong joints (Chuzu temple located in China as the prototype) tests under vertical monotonic and horizontal reversed cyclic loadings. The results indicated that the load-carrying capacity performs well under vertical loading, but poor under horizontal loading. (Xue et al., 2022) studied three vertical loading tests with different eccentricities on three Dou-Gong brackets (Shenyang Imperial Palace as the prototype) to quantitatively study the influence of the vertical eccentric load on the mechanical performance of Dou-Gong joints at column tops.