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Blueprint Reading
Published in Frank R. Spellman, The Science of Wind Power, 2022
Early on, dimensioning (or measuring using basic units of measurement) was rather simple and straightforward. For example, in the time of Noah and the Ark, a cubit was the length of a man's forearm, or about 18″. In pre-industrialized England, an inch used to be “three barleycorns, round and dry.” More recently, we have all heard of “rule of thumb.” Actually, at one time, an inch was defined as the width of a thumb, and a foot was simply the length of a man's foot.
Essentials of Data Analytics
Published in Adedeji B. Badiru, Data Analytics, 2020
The English system is the system that is commonly used in the United States today, whereas the metric system is used in many other parts of the world. The American measurement system is nearly the same as that brought by the American colony settlers from England. These measures had their origins in a variety of cultures, including Babylonian, Egyptian, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, and Nordic French. The ancient “digit,” “palm,” “span,” and “cubic” units of length slowly lost preference to the length units “inch,” “foot,” and “yard.” Roman contributions include the use of 12 as a base number and the words from which we derive many of the modern names of measurement units. For example, the 12 divisions of the Roman “pes” or foot were called unciae. The “foot” as a unit of measuring length is divided into 12 inches. The common words “inch” and “ounce” are both derived from Latin words. The “yard” as a measure of length can be traced back to early Saxon kings. They wore a sash or girdle around the waist that could be removed and used as a convenient measuring device. Thus, the word “yard” comes from the Saxon word “gird,” which represents the circumference of a person’s waist, preferably as “standard person,” such as a king.
Medicine
Published in Jill L. Baker, Technology of the Ancient Near East, 2018
In a necropolis in Shahr-i-Sokhta (Burnt City) in the Sistani Desert, Iran, a female skeleton was found with a prosthetic eye. Presumed to be a priestess, this female was 1.82 meters (6 feet) tall, and lived between ca. 2900–2800 bce, and wore the ocular prosthetic in her left eye. She was ca. 25 to 30 years of age when she died; however, a cause of death could not be determined. The prosthetic eye was made of a kind of bitumen paste, a mixture of animal fat and natural tar. Lines were etched into it mimicking the iris with lines radiating from it. A thin layer of gold was applied to the surface and a very small hole was drilled on each side of the eye so it could be fixed to the head. The eye measured ca. 2.5 centimeters (1 inch). Based on microscopic examination, the priestess wore the eye throughout her life; it was not merely put into her eye socket for burial. There were marks on the eye socket from wearing the eye as well as marks from the thread. She may also have suffered an abscess due to prolonged use of the prosthetic eye (Moghadasi 2014).
Impact of warming temperature on asphalt pavement overlay performance and cost: case study in New Jersey
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2022
Since the pavement life varies depending on the overlay thickness, the annualised agency cost was calculated to quantify the economic impact caused by warming temperature, as shown in Equation (7). The net present value is the initial construction cost and the salvage value is zero assuming there is no remaining life after the pavement reaches the failure criteria. The initial construction cost is represented as a function of milling thickness and overlay thickness, as shown in Equation (8) (Zaghloul et al., 2006). where EUAC is equivalent uniform annual costs; NPV is net present value; is annuity factor; r is the discount rate, assumed 4% here; and t is the service life of pavement in years. where C is the initial construction cost in $ per square yard; M is the thickness of milling in inch; and Tac is the thickness of asphalt overlay in inch.
Ruling engines and diffraction gratings before Rowland: the work of Lewis Rutherfurd and William Rogers
Published in Annals of Science, 2018
Several gratings had 6480 lines per inch (255.12 per millimetre). One is marked with the date 1872,22 very soon after the engine went into regular operation, and some were cited in papers published in 1873 or 1874. Two gratings had 12 960 lines per inch (510.24 per millimetre), one of them also dated 1872.23 None of these could have been ruled on an engine with a screw of 48 threads per inch and an index wheel of 360 teeth, but a simple combination for ruling them would be a screw with 36 threads per inch and an index wheel of 360 teeth.24 This suggests a possible configuration of the ruling engine when first used to rule gratings for distribution to others. This picture is slightly confused by a few gratings with 6481 lines per inch. It is likely that the difference of one line per inch points either to a measuring discrepancy or to using the grating at a lower temperature than that for which the spacing was usually specified.25
Effect of two biodegradable chelates on metals uptake, translocation and biochemical changes of Lantana Camara growing in fly ash amended soil
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2018
Shikha Kumari Pandey, Tanushree Bhattacharya
An experiment of chelate assisted phytoextraction of fly ash amendments was conducted using two easily biodegradable chelating agents: [S, S]-ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid (EDDS) and methylglycinediacetic acid (MGDA) in two same dosages (10 mmol/kg). The pot with fly ash amended soil was planted with the shoot of Lantana camara which was collected from uncontaminated site. Pots were prepared by mixing fly ash with mixture of garden soil and organic manure with different percentage of fly ash,20%(T1), 40%(T2), 60%(T3), 80% (T4) and 100% (T5) (w/w). Pot without fly ash served as control which was prepared with garden. Garden soil was collected from depth of 20 cm from university garden. Pot size was 3.5 inch length and 2.5 inch diameter. Each pot contained 2.5 kg soil flyash mixture. Phytoextraction without chelates was also running parallel to this set of experiment to understand the effectiveness of chelates (data not shown).Chelates were applied by adding 100 ml of water, with the established dose, before the flowering period (180 days), during which the plant usually have the highest biomass production, and hence expected to take up metals in higher quantity. chelates were applied separately in two different sets. Experiments were performed in triplicate. All the treatments were kept in natural condition. care was taken to prevent loss of amended soil. The plants were watered with tap water when necessary.