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Port and terminal operations management
Published in Dong-Ping Song, Container Logistics and Maritime Transport, 2021
The yardside is the port area where containers are temporarily stored. It is made up of multiple blocks. Each block consists of a number of bays placed side by side. Each bay consists of a number of stacks (or rows) and the height of the stack is termed tier. The basic unit of the storage space is slot, which can fit one TEU container. For example, a bay may consist of six stacks (rows) and five tiers, which can stack 30 TEU containers. However, it is rare that a bay is fully occupied because of the need for reshuffling (in order to retrieve a container in the lower tier). Yard cranes are used to stack, relocate, and retrieve containers. Usually, yard cranes span across the rows of a block. Therefore, the configuration and layout of yard blocks depend on yard cranes. The movements of containers between quayside and storage yard are carried by internal moving vehicles (IMVs), whereas the movements of containers between storage yard and customers (i.e. delivery and pick up) are carried by external trucks. The key resources at yardside are the storage space, the yard cranes, IMVs, and the human resources. For yardside operations, the main objectives are to minimise external truck turnaround time, reduce container relocations and reshuffles in yards, better utilise storage space, and better utilise handling equipment and human resources.
Waste Product Profiles
Published in John T. Aquino, Waste Age/Recycling Times’, 2020
Yard waste includes grass, leaves, and tree and brush trimmings. Grass is the biggest component of yard waste by weight (75%), followed by leaves (20%), and brush (5%). After paper and paper products, yard waste is the largest portion of the waste stream.
Process Dynamics II — The CFCM Stage
Published in Roger T. Haug, of Compost Engineering, 2018
A food processing plant produces a waste product that resembles mixed garbage and is 35% TS. The plant wishes to convert this waste to a reusable product by composting. The plant is considering amending the food waste with yard waste and sawdust which are both locally available. The yard waste is a mixture of grass and tree trimmings. The plant has retained your firm, Compost R’Us, to evaluate this concept. Your first evaluation is for a single stage system with no product recycle. Because you expect considerable drying you plan to add 10,000 lb/day of supplemental water.
Impact of warming temperature on asphalt pavement overlay performance and cost: case study in New Jersey
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2022
Since the pavement life varies depending on the overlay thickness, the annualised agency cost was calculated to quantify the economic impact caused by warming temperature, as shown in Equation (7). The net present value is the initial construction cost and the salvage value is zero assuming there is no remaining life after the pavement reaches the failure criteria. The initial construction cost is represented as a function of milling thickness and overlay thickness, as shown in Equation (8) (Zaghloul et al., 2006). where EUAC is equivalent uniform annual costs; NPV is net present value; is annuity factor; r is the discount rate, assumed 4% here; and t is the service life of pavement in years. where C is the initial construction cost in $ per square yard; M is the thickness of milling in inch; and Tac is the thickness of asphalt overlay in inch.
A shorter cricket pitch improves decision-making by junior batters
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2019
Michael J. Harwood, Maurice R. Yeadon, Mark A. King
Pearson Goodness of Fit tests showed that the Probit models represented the 16-yard (P = 0.2), 19-yard (P = 0.68) and combined (P = 0.48) foot movement data of the top order county batters well. The Probit estimates of the transition distance from predominantly front foot to predominantly back foot shots for the 16-yard and 19-yard data were 5.91 yards, 95% CI [5.69, 6.14] and 5.64 yards [5.43, 5.84], respectively. Cumming (2009) demonstrated that a 50% overlap of confidence intervals equates to conservative estimate of P = 0.05 for the difference between independent proportions; the 70% overlap of the confidence intervals here confirmed that these estimates were not significantly different (Figure 2). Furthermore, the difference of just 0.27 yards (0.25 m) is less than four ball diameters, so a small difference in practical terms. Therefore, the transition distance of 5.76 yards (5.27 m) calculated using the combined data was taken to be the middle of the good length or uncertainty region. A “full” delivery was then defined as one pitching less than 5.0 yards (4.57 m) from the batters’ stumps and a “short” delivery as one pitching more than 6.5 yards (5.94 m) from them. Inspection of the Probit model output showed that 5 yards coincided with the length at which batters would be expected to play forward 70% of the time (i.e., back 30%) and 6.5 yards coincided with expecting batters to play back 70% of the time (Figure 3).
Evaluation of recycled asphalt pavement using economic, environmental, and energy metrics based on long-term pavement performance sections
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2018
To calculate the cost, this study assumed that a four-lane divided highway is being investigated. The project length is assumed to be 1 mile (or 1.6 km). Because the test sections entered the LTPP database in 1991 when they were first overlaid, that initial construction time is used in the RAP vs. virgin analysis. The construction cost covers material, milling, traffic control, and mobilisation. The virgin asphalt mix unit price is $100 per ton in 2007 dollars. The unit weight of asphalt mix is 147 pounds per cubic foot. The milling cost is $2 per square yard (or $2.4 per square metre) in 2007 dollars. The traffic control cost for the construction is $8500 per mile of 4-lane divided highway in 2007 dollars. In addition, a multiplicative factor of 1.1 is imposed on these overall costs to account for mobilisation costs. Based on these figures, if the virgin asphalt mix is used, the initial construction cost is $60,418 for one lane mile of a 12 ft. (3.7 m) wide lane with asphalt thickness of 1 inch (2.54 cm). In comparison, if 35% RAP is used, the counterpart cost is $45,510, leading to a 25% cost saving. Because this project was initiated in 1991, an Escalation Factor (EF) is used to convert the 2007 dollars to 1991 with Equation (3). The 2007 price is then divided by the EF to obtain the 1991 price. where CPI is the consumer price index, which is provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistic (2014), available through http://data.bls.gov.