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Essentials of Data Analytics
Published in Adedeji B. Badiru, Data Analytics, 2020
The English system is the system that is commonly used in the United States today, whereas the metric system is used in many other parts of the world. The American measurement system is nearly the same as that brought by the American colony settlers from England. These measures had their origins in a variety of cultures, including Babylonian, Egyptian, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, and Nordic French. The ancient “digit,” “palm,” “span,” and “cubic” units of length slowly lost preference to the length units “inch,” “foot,” and “yard.” Roman contributions include the use of 12 as a base number and the words from which we derive many of the modern names of measurement units. For example, the 12 divisions of the Roman “pes” or foot were called unciae. The “foot” as a unit of measuring length is divided into 12 inches. The common words “inch” and “ounce” are both derived from Latin words. The “yard” as a measure of length can be traced back to early Saxon kings. They wore a sash or girdle around the waist that could be removed and used as a convenient measuring device. Thus, the word “yard” comes from the Saxon word “gird,” which represents the circumference of a person’s waist, preferably as “standard person,” such as a king.
Conversions
Published in Joanne Kirkpatrick Price, Basic Math Concepts, 2018
Acres is also a measurement of area. Each acre is comprised of 43,560 sq ft. Thus, the conversion equation used in these calculations is: 1acre=43,560sqft
Grounding/Earthing and Bonding
Published in Richard Cadena, Electricity for the Entertainment Electrician & Technician, 2021
If a large bird with a leg span of 12 inches (one foot) lands on a 69 kV transmission line and the impedance of the transmission line is about 1 ohm per mile with a current of 300 A, what is the voltage from one of the bird's feet to the other? (One mile equals 5280 feet.)
The ruling engines and diffraction gratings of Henry Augustus Rowland
Published in Annals of Science, 2022
To establish a scale for his map, Rowland had measured the wavelengths of some 200 lines.72 Preparations for measuring wavelengths in 1885 included the construction of a comparator, a fine micrometer, and a spectrometer with telescopes of 8 feet in length having 6¼-inch objectives.73 The micrometer screw would have been made using the same grinding technique as the screw for the ruling engine. Rowland used the micrometer to measure the distance between lines in the overlapping orders of spectra to establish the wavelengths of selected lines relative to one another, and ultimately to a single wavelength which had been measured as accurately as possible using a conventional spectroscope.74 A series of visual measurements had been made during 1882 by a Fellow in the Physics Department, Mr. Koyl,75 but they were not mentioned in print until 1896,76 and ultimately they were discarded because they were made with an inferior grating.
The effect of head movement restriction on the kinematics of the spine during lifting and lowering tasks
Published in Ergonomics, 2021
Mehdi Nematimoez, James S. Thomas
To provide speed consistency, the participants were allowed for practice to carry out a cycle, lifting-standing-lowering each in 3 s (3 + 3 + 3 = 9 s), pacing via a metronome. Next, participants had to stand with their arms were held out at the shoulder level for static calibration. Then, they performed 3 trials for each of 8 conditions (2 loads × 2 styles × 2 instructions) in random order: lifting and lowering the wooden box (38 × 33 × 28.5 cm) with 10% and 20% of body weight utilising squat and stoop styles with two instructions for head postures. Emphatically, participants were instructed to bend their knees for the squat technique and to keep straight legs during the stoop technique; in addition, they received two instructions for head postures: (1) Flexing the neck to keep contact between chin and chest over the task cycle (HI); (2) No instruction, free head posture (F). To ensure consistency in all trials, the feet to box distance was fixed (length of the feet). At the end of the lifting phase, participants stood upright and flexed their elbows roughly 90°.
Dynamic system optimal performances of shared autonomous and human vehicle system for heterogeneous travellers
Published in Mathematical and Computer Modelling of Dynamical Systems, 2020
We use Ziliaskopoulos’ network as the test network, as indicated in Figure 3. The network has 10 nodes and 26 links. Nodes 1 and 10 are origin/destination nodes. Nodes 2–9 are general nodes. There are 2 O-D pairs in this network: (1) Origin node 1 to Destination node 10 and (2) Origin Node 10 to Destination node 1. There are 5 paths for both OD pair 1–10 and 10–1. For OD 1–10, the paths are: (1) 1-2-3-4-9-10, (2) 1-2-6-9-10, (3) 1-2-5-7-8-9-10, (4) 1-2-3-6-9-10 and (5) 1-2-5-7-6-9-10. Similarly, for OD 10–1, there are also 5 paths, which are in inverted sequence compared with paths for OD 1–10. Besides, the network has two depots associated with the origin/destination node 1 and 10, which are used for vehicle maintenance and charging. All links have two lanes, which are bi-directional. The free flow speed is 88 feet/s and the link length is 5280 feet. We include 60 minutes of demand and the whole time horizon of 200 minutes so as to provide sufficient time for demands to exit the network. The time interval is set to be 1 minute. The travel demand of both type 1 and type 2 travellers are set to be 6000 and 2400 for OD pairs 1–10 and 10–1, respectively in the baseline. Their departure time are evenly spread in the departure time intervals. The number of available vehicles in each depot are set to be 50% of the number of personal trips in each OD pairs, which consist of half number of SAVS and half number of SHVs.