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Feedstock Preparation
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
Raw natural gas comes from three types of wells: oil wells (associated gas), gas wells (nonassociated gas), and condensate wells (condensate gas but also called nonassociated gas). Associated gas can exist separate from oil in the formation (free gas), or dissolved in the crude oil (dissolved gas). Whatever the source of the natural gas, once separated from the crude oil (if present) it commonly exists in mixtures with other hydrocarbon derivatives—principally ethane, propane, butane, and pentane isomers (natural gas liquids) as well as a mixture of higher molecular weight (higher-boiling) hydrocarbon derivatives that are often referred to as natural gasoline (NG). In addition, raw natural gas contains water vapor, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon dioxide, helium, nitrogen, and other compounds. Natural gas liquids are sold separately and have a variety of different uses such as providing feedstocks for oil refineries or petrochemical plants.
Multi-Objective Optimization Model for Uncertainty Consideration of RESs & Load Demands with the Optimal Design of Hybrid CCHP by DDAO-RBFNN Strategy
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
G. Madhusudanan, S. Padhmanabhaiyappan
The temperature of cooling water is lesser than that of the exhaust fuel. A double-efficiency AC/H powered by hot water, exhaust fuel, and natural gasoline is utilized to generate excess heat. COPAC/H refers to the coefficient of performance (COP) of AC/H, and (%) refers to the thermal efficiency. Power flows in cooling and heating models are unusual, and their COP values are exclusive. The COP on cooling mode, COPcAC/H, is determined by the high-pressure generator (QHG) with the aid of the low-pressure generator (QLG) heating rate. Cooling output, QcAC/H (kW), is modulated by the ratios of heat sources. AC/H can be heaters on heating mode, QhAC/H(kW), is connected to its COP. The standard efficiency version of the heat exchanger is suitable for comparison.
Are human symptoms and Zebra dove behaviors temporally related to odor perception in a newly industrialized region of Southern Thailand? A time-series study
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2020
Somruedee Somkettarin, Alan F. Geater
Chana district, Songkhla province, is located on the Eastern coast of Southern Thailand adjacent to the Gulf of Thailand (Figure 2). The major occupations are agriculture, including rubber plantation, paddy field, and domestic animal rearing as well as fishery and handicraft. Chana district is famous for its cooing Zebra doves, which are especially popular among the villagers. Around 25% of households in Chana district have the occupation of rearing Zebra doves and related occupations (Intarakeeree 2009; Rungrut 2017). Until 2003 in Chana district there were only traditional factories and small-scale organic industries such as rubber and seafood processing, which had been established for 15–30 years (Department of Industrial Works 2011). In 2003, a large-scale energy industrial plant, the offshore gas pipeline/gas separation plant (for transmission and separation of natural gas from the Gulf of Thailand) producing sales gas (NGV: methane and ethane), liquid petroleum gas (LPG: propane and butane), and natural gasoline (NGL: pentane or C5+) was constructed (TTM 2013). This was followed by the construction of a combined cycle power plant (using gas turbine and steam turbine generator), which began operation in 2008 (EGAT 2013). The study sites comprised five subdistricts located within 10 km of these new energy plants.
Multi-Objective optimization of the Hydrocarbon supply chain under price and demand uncertainty
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2021
Ahmed M. Attia, Ahmed M. Ghaithan, Salih O. Duffuaa
The produced crude oil is transported to gas-oil separator plants (GOSPs). The separated oil is then gathered and transported to the oil processing plants for stabilisation and sweetening (i.e. removing H2S and other gases). At the same time, the separated gas (i.e. associated gas) and non-associated gas are collected at the gas gathering centres. The gas is then processed to remove H2S and CO2, while methane and natural gas liquid (NGL) are produced. Furthermore, the NGL is further processed to produce different gas products (e.g. ethane, butane, propane, and natural gasoline). Eventually, the processed crude oil and gas products are transported to different demand terminals (e.g. local, industrial, and international).