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Organic Chemistry
Published in Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo, Rapid Review of Chemistry for the Life Sciences and Engineering, 2021
Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo
Alkanes are used as solvents, fuels, and starting materials for synthesis of other organic molecules. Methane (CH4), which is obtained commercially from natural gas, is the simplest alkane. Propane, the third alkane, is used for cooking, water and space heating, to power buses, forklifts, etc.
Introduction to Nanosensors
Published in Vinod Kumar Khanna, Nanosensors, 2021
Organic compounds containing single bonds are said to be saturated compounds; those containing multiple (e.g., double or triple) bonds are unsaturated. As alkanes have single carbon-to-carbon atom bonds, they are saturated hydrocarbons. Alkenes, having double carbon–carbon bonds, and alkynes, with triple carbon–carbon bonds, are examples of unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Alkanes, Isomers, and Nomenclature
Published in Michael B. Smith, A Q&A Approach to Organic Chemistry, 2020
In this chapter the most fundamental of organic molecules, the alkanes, will be discussed. Alkanes are molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen connected by single covalent bonds. The method for naming alkanes will be introduced as well as their chemical and physical properties.
Combustion and performance characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with coal-based hybrid fuel at various altitudes
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2023
Surong Dong, Zekun Liu, Ruilin Liu, Guangmen Zhou, Zhongjie Zhang, Qikai Peng
The coal-based composite fuel utilized in the experiment is made up of 67% diesel and 33% coal-based fuel. Coal-based fuels consist mainly of more alkanes and less naphthenes and aromatics. The alkanes are mainly single-bond straight-chain saturated hydrocarbons and branched isomeric saturated hydrocarbons, and the molecular formula is CnH2n + 2, which account for more than 80% and are 5 times as high as alkanes in diesel oil. The content of aromatic hydrocarbon is only 15%, which is 1/3 of aromatic hydrocarbon in diesel oil, and the rest are naphthenes. The physical and chemical properties of coal-based hybrid fuel and diesel are shown in Table 1. As can be seen from the table, compared with diesel, the coal-based hybrid fuel has lower density and kinematic viscosity, higher cetane number, higher low calorific value and lower distilling temperature, which can effectively improve the atomization, mixing, ignition and combustion of diesel engines.
Removal of petroleum hydrocarbons and heterocycles by Pseudomonas sp. LKY-5 under aerobic conditions
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2019
Lin Li, Xuwei Liu, Huijing Wang, Chaocheng Zhao, Qiyou Liu, Xiufang Shang
Lots of degrading microorganisms have been screened and isolated in the oil-polluted soil. In addition, their functional genes were also detected and sequenced, such as alkB, bph, nah, nidA, phd, dfb, qor (Pakpahan et al. 2013; Zhang et al. 2013). Alkanes are major components of petroleum hydrocarbons. The aerobic processes of microorganisms on linear alkanes are generally classified in terminal oxidation (Maddela, Scalvenzi, and Venkateswarlu 2017). The shorter chains were preferred by enabled bacterial groups based on monitoring of alkane-catabolic genes (Sei et al. 2003). Furthermore, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have always been recognized as priority pollutants in long-term ecosystem response, such as naphthalene, anthracene, fluorine, phenanthrene, pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene. Nevertheless, heterocycles would be released into the environment with the leakage and refining of crude oil. It has a great influence on the living things, especially equipped lone electron pair, such as dibenzothiophene (S-heterocycle), carbazole (N-heterocycle) (Xu et al. 2006). Many pure bacterial strains have been employed for depletion of single substrates (Zhang et al. 2012). In fact, contaminated sites are often complex and unfavorable. But little work has been carried out on co-metabolism or inhibition effects between the petroleum mixtures.
Generation and Analysis of Tritium-Substituted Methane
Published in Fusion Science and Technology, 2023
D. Díaz Barrero, T. L. Le, S. Niemes, S. Welte, M. Schlösser, B. Bornschein, H. H. Telle
It is worth noting that the aforementioned filament phenomenon manifests itself in the mass spectra, too. As the overall interaction time between the catalyst and the mixture increases, so does the concentration of carbon chain molecules (number of C-atoms n > 1). These can be saturated hydrocarbons, i.e., CnH(2n+2) (with only C–C single bonds in the chain ≡ alkanes); unsaturated hydrocarbons, i.e., CnH2n (with one C=C double bond in the chain ≡ alkenes); or CnH(2n-2) (with one C≡C triple bond in the chain ≡ alkynes). Of course, more than one unsaturated bond may be encountered, giving rise to a range of additional hydrocarbon families.