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Energy Marketing
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Global Energy Market Trends, 2021
And, yes, they will be depleted someday soon. Not today, but soon enough to worry about it. There are signs of the end, reflected as difficulties in the new oil and gas drilling operations. In the past we saw oil wells producing high quality oil non-stop for 30–50 years. This is because they stood on top of large lakes of liquid crude oil. Easy money!
Stratigraphy
Published in Dexter Perkins, Kevin R. Henke, Adam C. Simon, Lance D. Yarbrough, Earth Materials, 2019
Dexter Perkins, Kevin R. Henke, Adam C. Simon, Lance D. Yarbrough
Figure 9.36 shows the Spindletop well in eastern Texas gushing oil in 1901. In January 1901, the completion of this 347 meter (1139 foot) deep well set new industry standards, and drilling activity expanded quickly. Early investors soon developed the largest easy-to-find-and-produce oil fields. Consequently, oil companies have had to drill deeper wells to extract oil as time has passed. In 1950, the average well was 900–1200 meters (3000–4000 feet) deep. By 2010, average depth had increased to perhaps 1830 meters (6000 feet). And today the deepest oil wells, although rare, are more than 10,700 meters (35,000 feet) deep. Coal and mineral companies also drill holes that provide information about geology at depth, but their drilling activities are restricted to much shallower depths.
A bibliometric analysis on the relevancies of artificial neural networks (ANN) techniques in offshore engineering
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2023
Muhammad Daniel Abdul Shahid, Mohd Hisbany Mohd Hashim, Najwa Mohd Fadzil, Muhd Hariz Ahmad Rushdi, Amin Al-Fakih, Mohd Fakri Muda
The total number of keywords provided by the 1259 articles that were chosen is 160, or 0.13 keywords per article. One hundred sixty keywords were divided into two groups in order to prevent the issue of duplication, and Table 6 presents the relevant frequencies. The following 121 keywords show up lower (50 times), making up 75.63% of the total 160 keywords; the remaining 39 keywords showed up over 50 times, showing a variety of ANN research studies. In addition, the most frequently utilised keyword was ‘‘neural networks” (724 times), followed by ‘‘artificial neural network” (557 times) as the second top keyword utilised. Other keywords that appeared above 100 times comprise ‘‘offshore oil well production” (345 times), ‘“forecasting” (313 times), ‘‘gas industry” (181 times), ‘‘machine learning” (181 times), ‘“prediction” (123 times), ‘‘artificial neural networks” (120 times), ‘‘petroleum reservoirs” (101 times) and, lastly the ones that are left have been used below (100 times).
Investigation of biogas for enhancing oil recovery with indigenous microorganism in high salinity oil field
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2023
Jun Wang, Xiaopeng Cao, Zhigang Sun, Hongxin Zhang
However, the oil field is endowed with some characteristics such as high pressure and salinity; the actual condition of microbial can’t be fully reflected by traditional culture. In order to promote the development of MEOR quickly, more attentions are increased to the application of molecular analysis which can not only study the microbial community diversity to provide a novel and effective method for the study of viable but non-culture or uncultured microbes, but can analyze the predominant species and main functional bacteria for MEOR. Now, there have been some studies of microbial community with molecular analysis. DGGE (Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis method), TGGE (temperature gradient gel electrophoresis) and T-RFLP (Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) were used to analyze the indigenous microorganism of injection plant in Shengli oil field, water injection well and an oil well in Dagang oil field, and the microbial community of transition zone in a Daqing petroleum reservoir, respectively (Cheng et al. 2005; She et al. 2005; Wu et al. 2009; Wang 2016).
Simulation of volumetric acid fracturing fracture in low permeability carbonate rock
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2022
Xia Zhao, Xihong Cun, Nianyin Li, Jiajie Yu, Xiaoqiang Ren, Fei Shen, Junmeng Zhu, Yong Zhang, Zhaolin Ren
With the progress of oil and gas field development technology, the development of unconventional oil and gas resources such as low permeability and compactness has attracted more and more attention (Li et al. 2021; Nianyin et al. 2021). Low permeability carbonate rock is rich in natural gas resources, which is an important field of unconventional oil and gas development at present. Among the proven oil and gas reserves in the world, 60% are marine carbonate reservoirs, which has become an important field of oil and gas exploration and development (Aljawad et al. 2019). As one of the most commonly used reservoir stimulation measures for carbonate reservoirs, acid fracturing can be used to create multiple artificial channels in the reservoir, so as to promote more sufficient hydrocarbon discharge and improve oil well production (Wang and Rahman 2014; Chunguo et al. 2021).