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Oil
Published in Peter M. Schwarz, Energy Economics, 2023
Industry accounts for 28% of oil use in the U.S. as of 2020, second to transportation. Industry uses oil for heating, powering equipment, in construction and road maintenance, and as a feedstock to make chemicals, plastics, and synthetic materials that are ubiquitous in almost all products. Petrochemicals made from petroleum include ethylene, propylene, benzene, toluene, and synthetic gas or syngas. Oil refineries use cracking—the process of breaking down larger carbon-based molecules into smaller and simpler ones—to produce these chemicals. Industry uses ethylene and propylene to make industrial chemicals as well as plastics and synthetic rubber. They use benzene in dyes and detergents, and benzene and toluene in polyurethanes, a flexible material found in many products, including insulation and paints.
Bio-resources Utilization in Fostering a Low-Carbon Renewable Energy–Based Economy
Published in Akinola Rasheed Popoola, Emeka Godfrey Nwoba, James Chukwuma Ogbonna, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Nwadiuto (Diuto) Esiobu, Abdulrazak B. Ibrahim, Benjamin Ewa Ubi, Bioenergy and Environmental Biotechnology for Sustainable Development, 2022
Modupe Stella Ayilara, Oluwaseyi Samuel Olanrewaju, Olu Odeyemi, Mobolaji Adenike Titilawo
Petroleum oil is produced as a result of the compaction of dead plants and animals under high temperatures and pressure. Oil is used to produce electricity and to power vehicles, generators and other machineries. Compared to other sources of energy, oil is readily available and produces a high amount of energy. The combustion of oil and the emission from vehicles, generators, machineries, aircraft and ships lead to air pollution due to greenhouse gas release (e.g. CO2, CH4 and N2O). Aside from the release of greenhouse gases, environmental pollution could arise through oil spillage. Oil spillage is the accidental or deliberate release of hydrocarbons into the environment, and it could happen during the transfer of crude oil into vessels and tankers, crude oil exploration, oil pipeline vandalization and leakage, and the illegal tampering with oil-well heads (Ndimele et al., 2018). It could have grievous consequences on the environment, and if not well managed, it could lead to fire outbreaks. It can also lead to the death of aquatic lives ranging from plants to animals, fishes, microbes and other aquatic inhabitants or render the soil unuseful for agricultural purposes. Oil is expected to last for about 200 years and the exploration started in 1860, and therefore, by 2060, it will likely be exhausted (Odeyemi, 2014).
Global Energy Balance
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Global Energy Market Trends, 2021
Transportation fuels are primarily based on, and derived from, crude oil. There are some other sources introduced in the market lately, such as bio-fuels, LP gas, hydrogen, etc., but their quantity is still quite small compared to that of crude oil derivatives. Crude oil based fuels—gasoline, diesel, and jet fuels—drive the global economy (literally), thus they are critical to our present and future economic development. No transportation fuels; no economic development, it is that simple. In case of fuels shortage, all cars, trucks, trains, planes, and ships would be grounded, and all economic activities would just stop.
The role of adsorption of a natural surfactant at oil–water interface in enhanced oil recovery: interfacial rheology, and structural, and emulsifying analyses
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2023
Jinesh Machale, Subrata Kumar Majumder, Pallab Ghosh, Tushar Kanti Sen, Ali Saeedi
Renewable sources of energy have received significant attention in recent years, and research around the development of these sources has been boosted considerably. However, fossil fuels (e.g. crude oil) are expected to remain the primary sources of energy for the next several decades. The commonly-practiced methods of crude oil recovery, which can deliver merely 20–40% of the oil to the surface, have become inadequate due to the exponential increase in the requirement for crude oil. The remaining 60–80% of the crude oil in the reservoir cannot be recovered because of numerous factors such as less mobility of the entrapped oil, excessive interfacial tension (IFT) between the oil and water, and electrostatic interaction between the oil and the rock (Lake and Venuto 1992; Wever et al. 2011; Sheng 2015; Machale et al. 2020). The application of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is a useful tool for the additional recovery of trapped oil (Sheng 2010). It mainly employs thermal, gas, and chemical injection techniques. The chemical EOR method involves the injection of chemical additives (typically surfactant, polymer, and alkali) into the reservoir to improve the sweep and displacement efficiencies of the entrapped crude oil (Olajire 2014; Machale et al. 2020).
Forecasting of WTI crude oil using combined ANN-Whale optimization algorithm
Published in Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 2022
Parviz Sohrabi, Hesam Dehghani, Ramin Rafie
Crude oil is the essential fuel globally and plays a vital role in the economy, and provides more than a third of energy consumption worldwide. Because oil is one of the most critical inputs for production, any change in its financial indicators, such as prices, affects almost all producing and exporting countries. Oil prices significantly impact the environment, the economy, and oil exploration and exploitation activities. Sudden changes in oil prices are far more critical than in other financial and economic markets. Therefore, more accurate price forecasting is essential for many policies (Wu et al. 2021a). Therefore, considering that oil prices are one of the main sources of countries’ financial markets and its forecasting and estimation helps a lot in budgeting and economic and political decisions of countries, many researchers have predicted it and the methods of forecasting oil prices are up to date (Dehghani and Zangeneh 2018). Although many methods have been developed to predict oil prices, it is one of the most challenging problems in forecasting oil prices due to high fluctuations in oil prices and the impact of various parameters on it.
A detailed study of IC engines and a novel discussion with comprehensive view of alternative fuels used in petrol and diesel engines
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2021
I. Vinoth Kanna, M. Arulprakasajothi, Sherin Eliyas
Gasoline and diesel fuels for internal combustion engines are primarily obtained by distillation from petroleum oil. Petroleum oil has a relatively low cost and a high-energy density. It is a fossil fuel composed from ancient organic materials. Formation of petroleum and natural gas reservoirs occurs underground during the pyrolysis of hydrocarbons in a variety of endothermic reactions at high-temperature and/or pressure. Wells are drilled into oil reservoirs to extract the crude oil. In 1858, Edwin Drake drilled the first U.S. oil well, a 21-m deep well in Titusville, Pennsylvania. He is credited with inventing the technique of drilling inside a pipe casing to prevent water seepage. Innovations in the technology for oil recovery have allowed deeper and deeper wells to be drilled. For example, oil is currently pumped from reservoirs about 3000 m below the North Sea seabed in Europe (Bass, Bailey, and Jaeger 1993; Cadle et al. 1997; Kato et al. 1999).