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Technical Textiles
Published in Asit Baran Samui, Smart Polymers, 2022
A.K. Sidharth, Junaid Parkar, Ravindra Kale, Ramanand Jagtap
Due to stringent legislation in most countries, airbags are mandatory for all passenger cars. In 2002 alone, airbag systems contributed to a 20% reduction in fatalities resulting from front impact. How an airbag works is a precision application. In just 0.03 seconds airbags should begin and by 0.06 seconds the bag should be fully inflated after the collision. Mostly, airbags contain nitrogen gas. The fabric used for airbags must withstand the force of hot gases and at the same time the fabric must not be penetrated or rip and must contain the gases. Typically, airbags are typically woven from multifilament nylon 6,6 or are two pieces sewn together with suitable thread. But recently the one-piece weaving system has been used directly on the loom to produce airbags. Also, research is going on to use non-woven textiles for this end use. Airbags can be coated or uncoated.
Electrical systems
Published in Tom Denton, Advanced Automotive Fault Diagnosis, 2020
The only reported fault for airbags should be that the warning light is staying on. If an airbag has been deployed, then all the major components should be replaced. Some basic tests that can be carried out are presented in Figure 8.93.
Driver vehicle interfaces and older adults
Published in Carryl L. Baldwin, Bridget A. Lewis, Pamela M. Greenwood, Designing Transportation Systems for Older Adults, 2019
Carryl L. Baldwin, Bridget A. Lewis, Pamela M. Greenwood
Airbags. According to the IIHS, airbags also reduce driver fatalities. However, airbags were designed to be used with seat belts and can injure people not wearing seat belts. The benefit of airbags varies somewhat with its position, but the range is from 29% to 52% reduction in driver fatalities attributable to deployment of airbags. There are also passive safety systems that are designed to help avoid a collision, such as antilock braking systems (ABSs). ABSs have been standard on all new cars since 2000.
Chest injuries of elderly postmortem human surrogates (PMHSs) under seat belt and airbag loading in frontal sled impacts: Comparison to matching THOR tests
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2018
Francisco J. Lopez-Valdes, Krystoffer Mroz, Andre Eggers, Bengt Pipkorn, Julia Muehlbauer, Sylvia Schick, Steffen Peldschus
The need for incorporating factors that influence injury occurrence (such as age or size of the individual) has been recognized in several studies that investigated how to use injury criteria with different types of ATDs (Kent and Patrie 2005; Laituri et al. 2005). With the recent release of a draft version of the Qualification Procedures Manual of the THOR 50th percentile male dummy in August 2016 (NHTSA 2016), organizations like Euro NCAP are moving toward adopting the THOR dummy in their test protocols (Ellway 2017). In parallel, contemporary research has proposed chest injury criteria based on the multipoint chest deformation measuring capabilities of the ATD (Poplin et al. 2017), including age modifiers in the injury functions. This research has pointed out the need for validation of the proposed injury criteria with an independent experimental data set of matching THOR and PMHS tests. With the aim of developing a robust injury risk function that would not be sensitive to experimental conditions (Kent et al. 2003; Petitjean et al. 2003), the aforementioned study included a sample of matching THOR and PMHS tests including different types of restraints, several seating positions, and impact speeds. However, just a few cases in the data set used incorporated an airbag, which is mandatory in all current vehicles in developed countries.
Factors affecting injury severity of single-vehicle rollover crashes in the United States
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2020
Ihsan Ullah Khan, Kimberly Vachal
Vehicle age significantly influenced injury severity in rollover crashes. Vehicle models manufactured before 2000 were more likely to result in fatal injuries compared to newer vehicles. Implementation of FMVSS and safety technologies including electronic stability control, roof strength, and advanced airbags have played a significant role in improving the overall crashworthiness of vehicles. Federal legislation made airbags mandatory for all cars and light trucks in 1998. The rule introduced by FMVSS in 2000 to improve the design of airbags to reduce the risk of airbag-induced injuries has been effective in reducing crash injuries (FMVSS 2000).