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Moving from Cloud to Fog: An Internet of Things Perspective
Published in Lavanya Sharma, Towards Smart World, 2020
One of the main purposes of fog computing is supporting IoT-related technology. Many applications use cloud computing for storing data. However, for intermediate processing, fog computing devices are used (Figure 13.3). These devices include storage devices, fog gateway devices, and sensor management devices. There is a high degree of collaboration between these devices to maintain the performance of the fog environment. IoT devices are categorized into two parts: sensing devices and actuators. A sensing device has the capacity to sense its surrounding and actuators works when it is necessary. Sensors are of different types, such as pressure sensors, temperature sensors, chemical sensors, and biosensors. Fog processing devices are any devices that have computational power, memory capacity, and network connectivity. Some common examples of fog processing devices are switches, routers, network controllers, and video surveillance cameras. Fog servers are fog devices that can manage several fog devices belonging to the same application domain. The commercial boards used as IoT gateway devices and fog devices can be used as fog gateway devices and fog devices. These fog gateways support the heterogeneous capability, which is a prerequisite of fog computing. Some of the common boards commercially available on the market include Tessel, Arduino, Edison, and Raspberry Pi [12].
Applications of Perovskite Oxides
Published in Gibin George, Sivasankara Rao Ede, Zhiping Luo, Fundamentals of Perovskite Oxides, 2020
Gibin George, Sivasankara Rao Ede, Zhiping Luo
The sensor is a device that detects or measures a physical quantity of stimulus and converts it to a measurable form. Sensors are used in a wide range of applications for sensing pressure, temperature, humidity, hazardous gases, drinking water quality monitoring, weather monitoring, detection of explosives, medical diagnostics, food inspection, etc. Perovskite oxides are extensively studied as a sensor material for solid-state and electrochemical sensing of the different physical or chemical stimulus. The high specific surface area of the nanostructured perovskite oxides exhibits superior properties for the aforesaid application. Perovskite materials can be potentially used in electric, magnetic, piezoelectric, thermoelectric, magnetoresistive and electrochemical modes of sensing, as listed in Table 8.7. However, the resistive mode of sensing is commonly used for gas and vapor sensing applications and electrochemical mode for analytes with biological origin.
Servo Feedback Devices and Motor Sensors
Published in Wei Tong, Mechanical Design and Manufacturing of Electric Motors, 2022
Similar to the feedback devices, selecting a suitable sensor for a specific application depends on a number of sensor features and operation parameters, including the following: (a) environmental condition; (b) sensor frequency range; (c) sensor accuracy; (d) vibration and shock load level; (e) sensor temperature range; (f) signal level; (g) sensor transverse sensitivity; (h) detected shape of object; and (i) sensor mechanical features (e.g., compact size, lightweight, and structure ruggedness). Using vibration data information often requires empirically understanding and documenting baseline data of new/normal use and abnormal operation for warning notifications.
Catalysing assistive solutions by deploying light-weight deep learning model on edge devices
Published in Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 2023
Kanak Manjari, Madhushi Verma, Gaurav Singal, Vinay Chamola
Sensors are the instruments that are often used to detect and interact with electrical or optical signals. A sensor translates the physical parameter (e.g. temperature, blood pressure, humidity, velocity, etc.) into a signal that can be electrically measured. There are various types of sensors for different purposes such as temperature sensors, UV sensors, proximity sensors, and ultrasonic sensors. The temperature sensor gathers temperature information from a source and converts it into a form that other devices or individuals can understand. The UV sensor measures the strength or severity of the incident ultraviolet radiation. The proximity sensor detects the existence of artefacts that are almost positioned without a contact point. The ultrasonic sensor is an instrument that uses ultrasonic sound waves to measure the distance to an object. The RPi 3/4, NCS2 and NANO setup that was deployed on the cane (Manjari et al., 2019b,a) has been shown in Figure 3. The motive behind the development of this cane is to help the visually impaired in gaining information about their surroundings as there can be many objects in the nearby area that can be harmful to them. However, a mobile device has limited resources in terms of memory and power. We aim to use the edge devices available in the market and let the user know about their compatibility issues with various object detection models. The developer of the prototype should know the options of models that can be deployed on different edge devices along with the performance after deploying.
Smart grid mechanism for green energy management: A comprehensive review
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2023
Adila Fakhar, Ahmed M.A. Haidar, M.O. Abdullah, Narottam Das
Basically, the communication system is used as a connection link to reach smart sensors at smart meters and interface devices. Besides, the sensors measure and convert physical phenomena into electrical signals. Sensors in the smart grid can be categorized based on parameter measurement into three types. For instance, energy flow sensors (voltage, current, frequency, power factor), environment sensors (temperature, humidity, wind speed, solar irradiance), and working condition sensors (temperature, pressure, acceleration, and vibration). Performing the functionalities of monitoring, management, and protection in distribution grids requires smart sensors and actuators which are usually embedded in interface devices and protection systems (Li and Yang 2012). The smart sensor is a device that takes input from the physical component and performs predefined functions using the built-in compute resources. Such sensors should be able to implement intelligence capabilities using the communication systems and interact with the control center of distribution system operator.
A Review of Energy Aware Cyber-Physical Systems
Published in Cyber-Physical Systems, 2023
Houssam Kanso, Adel Noureddine, Ernesto Exposito
CPS Structural View, firstly, in the physical part of the system, we find the contextual environment containing all the actors, objects, and phenomena that produce raw data such as humans, weather, or other factors. This layer interacts with the CPS through touch points (sensors and actuators). On the one hand, sensors collect the data and transform the physical actions into electrical signals. On the other hand, actuators transform electrical commands into physical actions. Both sensors and actuators need to be mounted on a controller (such as a Raspberry Pi) that has minimal processing, storage, and communication capabilities to be able to communicate with the rest of the CPS. The physical part of the system includes the controller due to its presence in the physical environment. However, it is also considered the gateway to the cyber part. Secondly, in the cyber part of the system, we identified communication capabilities allowing it to interact with a diversity of appliances, microcontrollers, IoT devices, and others to acquire useful data. The collected data is then stored and processed in the same environment or on the cloud. The application and services layer allows users or other systems to access the CPS through specially defined interfaces. It also allows the CPS to provide or consume services.