China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Microbial Biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2020
Bacterial infections may be treated with antibiotics, which are classified as bactericidal if they kill bacteria or bacteriostatic if they just prevent bacterial growth. There are many types of antibiotics, and each class inhibits a process that is different in the pathogen from that found in the host. Examples of how antibiotics produce selective toxicity are chloramphenicol and puromycin, which inhibit the bacterial ribosome but not the structurally different eukaryotic ribosome. Antibiotics are used both in treating human disease and in intensive farming to promote animal growth, where they may be contributing to the rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations. Infections can be prevented by antiseptic measures, such as sterilization of the skin prior to piercing it with the needle of a syringe, and by proper care of indwelling catheters. Surgical and dental instruments are also sterilized to prevent contamination by bacteria. Disinfectants such as bleach are used to kill bacteria or other pathogens on surfaces to prevent contamination and further reduce the risk of infection.
Microbial biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2018
Bacterial infections may be treated with antibiotics, which are classified as bactericidal if they kill bacteria, or bacteriostatic if they just prevent bacterial growth. There are many types of antibiotics, and each class inhibits a process that is different in the pathogen from that found in the host. Examples of how antibiotics produce selective toxicity are chloramphenicol and puromycin, which inhibit the bacterial ribosome, but not the structurally different eukaryotic ribosome. Antibiotics are used both in treating human disease and in intensive farming to promote animal growth, where they may be contributing to the rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations. Infections can be prevented by antiseptic measures, such as sterilization of the skin prior to piercing it with the needle of a syringe, and by proper care of indwelling catheters. Surgical and dental instruments are also sterilized to prevent contamination by bacteria. Disinfectants such as bleach are used to kill bacteria or other pathogens on surfaces to prevent contamination and further reduce the risk of infection.
Machine Learning Based Hospital-Acquired Infection Control System
Published in Shampa Sen, Leonid Datta, Sayak Mitra, Machine Learning and IoT, 2018
Sehaj Sharma, Prajit Kumar Datta, Gaurav Bansal
Antimicrobials are a group of medicines which kill microbes. Disinfectants and antiseptics kill a wide range of microbes. Antibiotics kill or restrict growth of bacterial infections. Antifungals kill or restrict the growth of fungi. Similar descriptions could be assigned to antivirals and antiparasitics. While some antimicrobials are available to public, others can only be taken when prescribed by a licensed doctor upon diagnosis of the patient's symptoms.
Fabrication of a curcumin encapsulated bioengineered nano-cocktail formulation for stimuli-responsive targeted therapeutic delivery to enhance anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-bacterial properties in sepsis management
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Li Teng, Yiliang Zhang, Li Chen, Ge Shi
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that is caused by severe bacterial infection. In addition, bacterial infections can cause other severe and life-threatening diseases, including toxic shock syndrome, pneumonia, and endocarditis. Generally, the chronological existence of pathogenic bacteria and inflammatory responses of biological systems are precise targets to confiscate bacterial infections in microenvironments, eliminating the dispersion of bacterial cells and increased inflammatory responses that lead to sepsis [31,32,58]. Our facile design of drug delivery materials with pH-responsive characteristics to target IMEs could be effective in controlling bacterial infection in sepsis through multiple signaling pathways. As previously reported, the IMEs of well-studied cancers are known to be acute and temporary, contingent on their innate immune response. Notably, IMEs of sepsis have low pH conditions with bacterial enzymes [5,59]. Hence, pH-responsive nanovesicles can be designed and developed to be exploited in these environments for effective drug delivery on demand-based requirements.
Fluorescent optotracers for bacterial and biofilm detection and diagnostics
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2023
Agneta Richter-Dahlfors, Elina Kärkkäinen, Ferdinand X. Choong
At present, clinical diagnostics of bacterial infections relies on culturing methods that promote growth of the microbe and/or isolation of the causative pathogen from the sample. The Gram stain is often used initially to gather preliminary information about the pathogen based on the color and morphology of bacterial colonies [28]. To obtain specific details pertaining to the pathogen’s species and virulence information, more costly molecular biology techniques are used, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative PCR (qPCR), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and immunoassays such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [29–31]. With the exception of PCR, these methods tend to be time-consuming and only applicable for the viable and culturable subset of bacteria [32]. Also, these analysis only generate part of the information necessary for prescription of appropriate treatment, supplementary procedures such as antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) must be used to identify the antibiotic that would be most effective in clearing the infection [33–35]. Optimal treatment regimens, requiring timely and accurate identification of the causative pathogen and its antibiotic susceptibility pattern, are crucial to hinder further AMR development [36–38].
Synergistic effect of ZnO nanoparticles and hesperidin on the antibacterial properties of chitosan
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Ibrahim Erol, Ömer Hazman, Mecit Aksu, Emine Bulut
Antibiotics are generally used in the treatment of bacterial infections. However, overuse of antibiotics also inevitably leads to drug resistance. For these reasons, the development of a multifunctional nanomaterial structure that will not cause drug resistance will be promising for the future. There are studies on this subject in the literature [33,34]. Kurtuldu et al. [33] investigated the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities of mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles by adding cerium (Ce) with two different methods in drug-free applications. They reported that these Ce-containing nanoparticles reduced nitric oxide release, which response to the anti-inflammatory effects of macrophage cells, and also showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In another study, Zhang et al. [34] developed injectable supramolecular hydrogels with self-healing properties with photo-thermal and conductive antibacterial activity on skin regeneration. They found that these structures have highly antibacterial properties, especially against E. coli (gram negative), S. aureus (gram-positive) and multidrug.