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Prediction of COVID-19 in India Using Machine Learning Tools
Published in Suman Lata Tripathi, Kanav Dhir, Deepika Ghai, Shashikant Patil, Health Informatics and Technological Solutions for Coronavirus (COVID-19), 2021
For the public awareness Indian government has published the advisory in the early phase of a pandemic and modifying it with new research and guidelines provided by the WHO. Symptoms in a suffering person can be mild and severe. In the mid of March, it was reported that elder, kids and people suffering from lungs or heart disease have more chances of getting affected. But a study [6] concluded that younger people are also infected equally as elderly or children. Most common symptoms are cough, fever/chills and tiredness. Mild symptoms of COVID-19 are fatigue, sore throat, headache, nausea, body aches, rashes on the skin, discoloration of fingers and toes. Severe symptoms of virus are difficulty in breathing, loss of voluntary movement, loss of speech and chest pain/pressure [7]. In random testing, few cases found positive without any symptoms also.
Medical biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2018
Influenza, commonly referred to as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae (the influenza viruses), which affects birds and mammals. The most common symptoms of the disease are chills, fever, sore throat, muscle pains, severe headache, coughing, weakness, and general discomfort. Sore throat, fever, and cough are the most frequent symptoms. In more serious cases, influenza causes pneumonia, which can be fatal, particularly for the young and the elderly. Although it is often confused with other influenza-like illnesses, especially the common cold, influenza is a much more severe disease than the common cold and is caused by a different type of virus. Influenza may produce nausea and vomiting, particularly in children, but these symptoms are more common in the unrelated gastroenteritis, which is sometimes called stomach flu or 24 h flu.
Wastewater microbiology
Published in Rumana Riffat, Taqsim Husnain, Fundamentals of Wastewater Treatment and Engineering, 2022
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), commonly known as coronavirus was first discovered in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The coronavirus caused the respiratory illness known as COVID-19, which was responsible for more than 5.45 million deaths all over the world as of January 2022 (WHO, 2022). Symptoms of COVID-19 include coughing, shortness of breath/breathing difficulties, fever, chills, muscle pain, headache, sore throat, and loss of taste and smell (CDC, 2021). The basic structure of SARS-CoV-2 (Coronavirus) is illustrated in Figure 3.12.
Hybrid fractional-order optimal control problem for immuno-chemotherapy with gene therapy and time-delay: numerical treatments
Published in International Journal of Modelling and Simulation, 2023
M. M. Abou Hasan, S. M. AL-Mekhlafi, K. Udhayakumar, F. A. Rihan
Immunotherapy is used to enhance the antitumor immune response in cancer patients by disturbing the tumor microenvironment. In recent years, different types of immunotherapies have been introduced, including Immune-Checkpoint Blockade (ICB) and strategies that increase cell activity. However, a high dose of immunotherapy can cause negative side effects such as chills, fever, nausea, weakness, etc. [9]. Chemotherapy is an effective method of fighting cancer. The use of chemotherapy drugs, however, has an essential adverse effect on the immune system, making patients vulnerable to harmful infections. It is therefore very important to improve patients’ immune systems after chemotherapy has depleted their immune system. Maintaining a stable immune system during chemotherapy is a very challenging challenge. It is common for chemotherapy to be administered on a cyclical basis for cancer treatment. All harmless cells in the body are also destroyed by anti-cancer medicines. A life-threatening fever may result when white blood cell counts drop too low levels. Thus, controlling chemotherapy gulp is essential to cancer chemotherapy planning [10].
An ontology-based framework for extracting spatio-temporal influenza data using Twitter
Published in International Journal of Digital Earth, 2019
Udaya K. Jayawardhana, Pece V. Gorsevski
The calibration used a subset of 1400 tweets with assigned semantic similarity scores that were selected randomly using influenza-related keywords and because of very low number of influenza-related tweets during the influenza season. The manual interpretation of the subset yielded a total of 107 influenza-related tweets (i.e. positives) and 1293 non-influenza-related tweets (i.e. negatives). The tweets were also screened for the inclusion of symptoms such as fever, chills, sore throat and sickness induced incidents (i.e. school or workplace absence). Manually processed tweets were flagged using Boolean true or false notation and stored in a new table field called ‘HasFlu’. However, the approach is limited and the validation has possibly omitted and missed some of the tweets that are related to influenza by (1) not accounting for all possible keywords, (2) due to vagueness that arises from imprecise or unclear use of terms or words related to influenza, and (3) due to ambiguity associated with presence of two or more possible meanings in words or sentences and with this complex subject area which presents a significant challenge and limitation for optimized calibration of semantic processing of tweets and IE. Therefore, the presented calibration may not be optimal, but nonetheless it represents an attempt for finding a better understanding of influenza-related meaning in tweets.
Mathematical model for the in-host malaria dynamics subject to malaria vaccines
Published in Letters in Biomathematics, 2018
Titus Okello Orwa, Rachel Waema Mbogo, Livingstone Serwadda Luboobi
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by an intracellular protozoan parasite of the genus Plasmodium (Liehl et al., 2015; Risco-Castillo et al., 2015). Plasmodium falciparum is the deadliest (Derbyshire, Mota, & Clardy, 2011) and predominant malaria parasite in sub-Saharan African and was responsible for 99% of all malaria cases in 2016 (WHO, 2017b). While probing for blood, female Anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites into the human dermis. The deposited parasites rapidly migrate to the liver, where they invade the hepatocytes with the formation of protective parasitophorous vacuole (Bertolino & Bowen, 2015; Ishino, Yano, Chinzei, & Yuda, 2004; Mota et al., 2001). During this pre-erythrocytic stage, the sporozoites undergo rapid asexual reproduction (White et al., 2014; White, 2017), develop and differentiate asymptomatically into thousands of erythrocytic forms called merozoites (Sturm et al., 2006). The cyclical erythrocytic stage begins when infected hepatocytes burst open, releasing infective-merozoites into the blood stream (Haldar, Murphy, Milner, & Taylor, 2007). The released merozoites quickly invade susceptible red blood cells leading to the formation of infected red blood cells (IRB) cells. The waves of bursting erythrocytes and invasions of fresh erythrocytes by secondary merozoites produce malaria characteristic symptoms such as chills and headache (Derbyshire et al., 2011). Some merozoites develop into sexual forms called gametocytes that are later sucked up by feeding mosquitoes for sexual reproduction and development within the mosquito gut (sporogonic stage). If left untreated, malaria patients may develop severe symptoms and progress to coma or death.