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Mechanisms of Different Anticancer Drugs
Published in Anjana Pandey, Saumya Srivastava, Recent Advances in Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy, 2022
Anjana Pandey, Saumya Srivastava
Inflammatory agents can cause DNA and tissue damage if produced persistently. Also, it can lead to developing cancer. Mutated tumor cells can also instigate the inflammatory response leading to the development of cancer. Recently, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase that can stimulate interferon genes (STING) with a downstream effector has shown antimicrobial and antitumor immunity. The cytokines generated in this pathway can relate innate immunity with developed adaptive immunity against cancer. Activation of chronic STING can result in generating a tumor promotor phenotype and malignancy. Therefore, by inhibiting the proinflammatory effects of cancers, the growth and development of cancers can be seized (Mercadante et al., 2002; D’Arrigo et al., 2014; Marques et al., 2014; Magee et al., 2019; Augustin et al., 2020; Di Lorenzo et al., 2020; Zheng et al., 2020; Bai et al., 2021). The most commonly used anti-inflammatory drugs among anti-inflammatory drugs are aspirin, diclofenac, colecoxib, sulindac, ibuprofen, piroxicam, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, and prednisone. The antitumor effects of aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are well known (Thun et al., 2002; Dettorre et al., 2021; Dougan et al., 2021; Fantini and Guadagni, 2021; K. J. Cheng et al., 2021; Motolani et al., 2021; Shariare et al., 2021; Tewari et al., 2021; Xing et al., 2021; M. Zhang et al., 2021). They have anti-invasiveness properties, anti-metastasis, and can also increase the apoptosis rate and sensitivity to chemotherapy (Thun et al., 2002; Zappavigna et al., 2020).
Monoterpenes Modulating IL-10
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Phytomedicine, 2020
Saravanan Shanmugam, Jullyana S. S. Quintans, Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Luciana Scotti, Marcus T. Scotti, Adriano A. S. Araújo, Lucindo J. Quintans-Júnior
Cytokines are a group of small soluble proteins that are secreted by a wide variety of cell types, and they perform several activities which play a main role in the stimulation of immune cell proliferation and differentiation, which leads to the termination of the invading pathogens or repairing the damaged tissue by activating the downstream signaling pathways through interaction with their receptors on the cell membrane (Pizarro and Cominelli 2007). Cytokines encompass a wide range of molecules that are essential for the communication between cells of the immune system and other non-immune cells. These cytokines are classified as pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Some cytokines that function primarily to promote the inflammation are known as pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, while others suppress the activity of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and are called anti-inflammatory cytokines, for example, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13, and they are potent activators of B lymphocytes (Ye et al. 2016). Hence, a “balance” between the effects of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines is thought to determine the outcome of a disease, whether it is in the state of an acute or chronic condition (Dinarello 2000).
Preformulation of New Biological Entities
Published in Sandeep Nema, John D. Ludwig, Parenteral Medications, 2019
Riccardo Torosantucci, Vasco Filipe, Jonathan Kingsbury, Atul Saluja, Yatin Gokarn
Cytokines are small hormone proteins that act in cell signaling pathways, most commonly in the activation of immune system components such as lymphocytes and macrophages. Interferons are potent glycoprotein cytokines with antiviral properties and can suppress uncontrolled cell proliferation. They have been used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, immunological cancers, and hepatitis. Biotherapeutic interferons include interferon-α (e.g., Roferon-A®, Intron-A®, and Alferon-N®), interferon-β (e.g., Avonex®, Betaseron®, and Extavia®), and interferon-γ (e.g., Actimmune®). Similar to the interferons, the interleukins function as biochemical signals during immune response, with either stimulatory or inhibitory activities. For example, interleukin-1 (IL-1) controls pro-inflammatory reactions in response to tissue injury by pathogen- or danger-associated molecular patterns. Therefore, IL-1 receptor antagonists, such as anakinra (Kineret®), can be used in the treatment of inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. Recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2), aldesleukin (Proleukin®), stimulates T cells and is used in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma and melanoma.
Novel copper complexes-polyurethane composites that mimics anti-inflammatory response
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Guido Antonio Zapata-Catzin, Gualberto Antonio Zumbardo-Bacelis, Rossana Vargas-Coronado, Jorge Xool-Tamayo, Victor Ermilo Arana-Argáez, Juan Valerio Cauich-Rodríguez
The measurement of cytokines production (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-4 and IL-10) was conducted following the manufacturer’s instructions using commercial ELISA kits (Peprotech®, London, UK). A capture antibody was employed at 1 μg/mL for IL-4 or TNF-α and 2 μg/mL for IL-1β, IL-10. Serial dilutions of recombinant cytokines were used as standard curve (0–2000 pg/mL for IL-4 or TNF-α, 0–3000 pg/mL for IL-10 and 0–4000 pg/mL for IL-1β). Cytokines detection in 100 µL of macrophages supernatants were incubated with detection antibody at 0.25 μg/mL for TNF-α, 0.5 μg/mL for IL-1β or IL-10 and 1 μg/mL for IL-4, as well as avidin-peroxidase. The absorbance was measured at 490 nm using the microplate reader. The concentrations of cytokines were calculated by comparison with its respective standard curve.
Genetic variants affecting chemical mediated skin immunotoxicity
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Isisdoris Rodrigues de Souza, Patrícia Savio de Araujo-Souza, Daniela Morais Leme
Chemicals trigger skin immune response by producing tissue damage and cellular stress, which release molecules such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and proteins involved in the activation of the immune cells (Zabrodsky 2019). This process may result in activating dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes, which influence the immune response through release of cytokines and antibody production, respectively. The immune responses triggered by chemicals might indicate an increased incidence of immune-related skin disorders, including inflammation, allergic diseases and autoimmunity. However, the mechanisms underlying various immunopathologies seem limitless, and more studies are warranted to understand the complexities of the biological system and elucidate the influences of genetics and the environment (Lee and Lawrence 2018).
Stress, growth, cytokines and histopathological effects of permethrin in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Published in Chemistry and Ecology, 2022
Kenan Erdoğan, Gül Nihal Örün, Nuh Korkmaz, Belda Erkmen, Hüseyin Polat, Arzu Doğru, Mehmet İlker Doğru, İbrahim Örün
Pollutants in the aquatic system can cause suppression of immune responses, leading to attack by pathogens, thus increasing the incidence of disease and exacerbating disease in fish [34]. Different cytokines produced by immune cells play an important role in teleost immune regulation. Cytokines include interleukins (IL), tumor necrosis factors (TNF), chemokines and interferons (IFN). They act via cytokine receptors and have anti-inflammatory, pro-inflammatory and pathogen-killing activities [35]. TNF-α is one of the cytokines and its expression is regulated by dietary immunostimulatory organization in fish [36]. IL-1β and IL-6 are other proinflammatory cytokines that induce inflammation and immune response [37]. These cytokines are molecules that play an important role in the regulation of the immune system and inflammatory events in the organism. It has been reported that mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines in fish is upregulated after exposure to environmental pollutants [38,39].