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Nanotoxicology and Regulatory Aspects of Nanomaterials and Nanomedicines
Published in Yasser Shahzad, Syed A.A. Rizvi, Abid Mehmood Yousaf, Talib Hussain, Drug Delivery Using Nanomaterials, 2022
Upon macrophage recognition and phagocytosis, inflammatory mediators are released, which initiate an inflammatory response. This is a physio-pathological reaction which in excess or persistence of inflammation could predispose to autoimmune disease, long-term diseases, and cancer (Donahue et al., 2019). When the macrophages are overwhelmed by NP size, shape, chemistry, particle number, and agglomerates or surface group with prolonged pulmonary retention due to slow or incomplete degradation and metabolism, inflammatory response will be evoked. It has been known from the pathogenesis of lung silicosis that long fibers were trapped longer due to defective clearance with subsequent inflammatory induction. Hence, the multiple parameters of NPs physicochemical characteristics play a role in inflammation induction (Braakhuis et al., 2014). Amorphous silica NP induce inflammation and cell death with generation of ROS (Fu et al., 2014). A new potential mechanism involved in the inflammation cascades is the NLRP3 inflammasome activation with rising IL-1β. Certain pathogens, toxins or particles might induce this mechanism with a rise of the IL-1β through activation of caspase 1 and initiation of inflammatory induced apoptosis or known as pyroptosis. Several studies has showed NPs can induce the NLRP3 activation, e.g., some liposomes and polymer-based NPs. A detailed source for this mechanism and its assessment can be found in these following sources (Sharma et al., 2018; Shirasuna et al., 2019).
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Published in Valerio Voliani, Nanomaterials and Neoplasms, 2021
Eun-Kyung Lim, Taekhoon Kim, Soonmyung Paik, Seungjoo Haam, Yong-Min Huh, Kwangyeol Lee
Johnston and Feldman et al. prepared a gold-coated iron oxide nanoparticle for photothermal therapy [824]. Au nanoclusters were formed by reduction of HAuCl4 onto the surfaces of 5 nm iron oxide nanoparticles coated with hydroxylamine as a seeding agent. Macrophages are implicated in every stage of atherosclerosis from lesion initiation to plaque rupture and clinical presentation [825]. Tumor-associated macrophages also play an important role in promoting tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis [826, 827]. Macrophage targeting via administration of NIR-sensitive nanoparticles may enhance diagnosis and therapy for cancer. The targeted uptake of nanoclusters for enhancement of cellular imaging and photothermal effect was investigated with primary peritoneal macrophages, which were isolated from C57/BL6 mice that can develop the M2 phenotype associated with cancer. A monolayer of Au-nanostructure-targeted macrophages was irradiated with a 755 nm laser pulse of 50 ns duration and a 2 mm spot size. A temperature increase of 0.7°C over the 2 mm spot was observed, indicating a strong absorbance by the Au-iron oxide nanocomposites. The actual temperature increase, immediately adjacent to the small nanocluster, should be substantially larger than this temperature increase and can be advantageously used for hyperthermal treatment of cancer cells.
Green Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Spectroscopic Applications
Published in Kaushik Pal, Nanomaterials for Spectroscopic Applications, 2021
Muammer Din Arit, Md Asadur Rahman, Md Mahmudul Hague Milu, Abu Bakar Siddik, Md Enamul Hogue
Atherosclerosis is an aggregation of lipids and fibrotic content as a result of the aging and unhealthy living style that thicken and toughen the artery’s walls. Both arterial plaques are also liable for problems that may contribute to life threats such as strokes and myocardial infarction. Effective detection of the condition and recognition of abnormal atherosclerotic plaques tend to be difficult. The formation of atherosclerotic plaques is an inflammatory mechanism that in both early and late phases of the condition induces the aggregation of macrophages in the artery walls. A group of researchers proposed a new SERS technique for detecting a staged development of atherosclerosis (Dugandžić et al., 2018). It was focused on the usage, by way of SERS, of the labeled golden NPs. The reported findings shape the foundation of a possible animal model in vivo research. The synthesis of branched gold NPs in the existence of PVP K-55 and trisodium citrate has been documented as a result of reductions in tetrachloroauric acid with hydrazine hydrate.
Biomaterial engineering surface to control polymicrobial dental implant-related infections: focusing on disease modulating factors and coatings development
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2023
Samuel S. Malheiros, Bruna E. Nagay, Martinna M. Bertolini, Erica D. de Avila, Jamil A. Shibli, João Gabriel S. Souza, Valentim A. R. Barão
Another important signaling pathway related to the progress of periimplantitis is the status of macrophage polarization in human peri-implantitis lesions. M1 macrophages are related to the pro-inflammatory response triggered by bacteria and its cues, while M2 macrophages play a crucial role in the resolution of inflammation and tissue repair [74]. Therefore, the type of macrophage expression and the amount of M1/M2 might be involved in the quality of immune response and intensity of increased tissue destruction. A recent study found that peri-implantitis present a distinct signature of macrophage polarization compared to periodontitis lesions, with higher levels of macrophage M1 polarization dispersed in the soft tissues compared to periodontitis [74]. In addition, general health and behavioral factors may alter inflammatory parameters and, consequently, the immune response, modulating the progression and severity of the peri-implant disease [40,75]. Although there is insufficient evidence identifying diabetes as a potential risk factor for peri‐implantitis [9], it has been observed that poor glycemic control may lead to a hyperinflammatory state in peri-implantitis sites [76]. Similarly, smokers exhibit an augmented predisposition to peri-implant changes, even in health sites, due to the adverse effects of cigarette components in the inflammatory profile and bone-remodeling behavior [77,78].
Proteolytically degradable PEG hydrogel matrix mimicking tumor immune microenvironment for 3D co-culture of lung adenocarcinoma cells and macrophages
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Tumor development is a dynamic process that is governed by the state of cancer cells and surrounding environmental factors, such as tumor stromal cells and the extracellular matrix [1]. The tumor stroma includes diverse cell types such as fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells [2]. Among these, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) comprise ∼50% of the total tumor mass [3,4]. Based on their activation states, TAMs affect tumor physiology in a distinct manner [5,6]. Classically activated macrophages (i.e. M1 macrophages) produce effector molecules such as reactive oxygen/nitrogen intermediates and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), which cause tumor suppression. In contrast, alternatively activated macrophages (i.e. M2 macrophages) promote tumor growth, metastasis, and chemoresistance by inducing matrix remodeling and angiogenesis, and through exertion of immunosuppressive effects. Macrophage is an essential component of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and its plasticity plays an important role in tumor development, suggesting crucial insights into TAM-targeted cancer therapy [7,8].
In vitro anti-inflammatory potential of marine macromolecules cross-linked bio-composite scaffold on LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells for cartilage tissue engineering applications
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
A. S. Sumayya, G. Muraleedhara Kurup
Inflammation is one of the body’s innate immune responses and is primarily mediated by macrophages [7]. Macrophages are key players of the immune system and play a central role to mediate several immunopathological phenomena during inflammation [8]. When the body is stimulated by pathologic injury, activated macrophages release many proinflammatory cytokine and inflammatory mediators. Hence, the macrophage cell line provides an excellent model for evaluation of anti-inflammatory potential and drug screening [9,10]. Various inflammatory molecules, such as cytokines (e.g. TNF α, IL-6 and IL-1β), chemokines and mediators including NO and PGE2, are known to play critical roles in managing crosstalk between immune cells in both acute and chronic responses [11–13]. In this regard, the initial activation of macrophages in inflammatory events could be a crucial step [7]. Even though it is well known that inflammation is a representative defense mechanism in the body, severe inflammatory responses may lead to several serious diseases, such as arthritis, septic shock, organ destruction, cancer, atherosclerosis and pulmonary fibrosis [14–16]. Lipopolysaccharide, an outer membrane component of gram negative bacteria is one of the potent activator of macrophages [17]. Exposure to LPS induces inflammatory induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF- α, IL-6, IL-1β, NO & PGE2 and thus initiate a cascade of inflammatory reactions [10,18]. Therefore, effective modulation of these inflammatory mediators is an important target pathway in the cure of disease with anti-inflammatory components [15,19].