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Monoterpenes Modulating IL-10
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Phytomedicine, 2020
Saravanan Shanmugam, Jullyana S. S. Quintans, Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Luciana Scotti, Marcus T. Scotti, Adriano A. S. Araújo, Lucindo J. Quintans-Júnior
IL-10 is a pleiotropic cytokine, initially discovered as an activity produced by murine type 2 helper T cells. It was first called cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor because of its ability to inhibit the production of certain cytokines by Th1, also, it inhibits many effector cells and disease processes, and its levels are inversely correlated with disease incidence and severity (Ekmekcioglu et al. 2015; Kubo et al. 2017). IL-10 is synthesized by a wide range of cell types, including B cells, monocytes, DCs, nK cells, and T cells. Interleukin designates any soluble protein or glycoprotein product of leukocytes that regulates the responses of other leukocytes.
Cellular and Molecular Basis of Human Biology
Published in Lawrence S. Chan, William C. Tang, Engineering-Medicine, 2019
These hormone-like small, secretory, cellular protein molecules are important in many immunological functions. While some of them are pro-inflammatory in functional nature, others are anti-inflammatory in characters. Since the initial discover of interleukin-1 in the 1970s, more than 60 cytokines have been reported and designed as interleukins, plus many cytokines that are not classified as interleukins (Akdis et al. 2016). Cytokines are present in nearly all cells, whether they are primarily immune cells or non-immune cells. Table 2 lists major cytokines and their essential functions.
Enzyme Catalysis
Published in Harvey W. Blanch, Douglas S. Clark, Biochemical Engineering, 1997
Harvey W. Blanch, Douglas S. Clark
The interleukins are a large subfamily of cytokines, comprising at least 10 types. They function as regulators of the immune response and bind to receptors at various cell surfaces, where they modulate immunological activity. IL-2 plays a key role in immune functioning, and is produced by T lymphocytes when activated by an antigen or mitogen. It stimulates growth and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes, and controls the activity of natural killer cells. Its function is thus key to both cell-mediated and humoral immunity. IL-2 has a molecular weight of 15,500Da, and contains one intrachain disulphide linkage. The protein is arranged in four antiparallel α-helical regions. It is produced in E. coli in an unglycosylated form, but retains its biological activity. It has been used to treat several forms of cancer and infectious diseases, including AIDS. IL-1 is naturally produced by phagocytic cells and it elicits a variety of responses, including proliferation of thrombocytes, fibroblasts and lymphocytes. It also promotes wound healing. It is produced in recombinant E. coli.
Stress, growth, cytokines and histopathological effects of permethrin in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Published in Chemistry and Ecology, 2022
Kenan Erdoğan, Gül Nihal Örün, Nuh Korkmaz, Belda Erkmen, Hüseyin Polat, Arzu Doğru, Mehmet İlker Doğru, İbrahim Örün
Pollutants in the aquatic system can cause suppression of immune responses, leading to attack by pathogens, thus increasing the incidence of disease and exacerbating disease in fish [34]. Different cytokines produced by immune cells play an important role in teleost immune regulation. Cytokines include interleukins (IL), tumor necrosis factors (TNF), chemokines and interferons (IFN). They act via cytokine receptors and have anti-inflammatory, pro-inflammatory and pathogen-killing activities [35]. TNF-α is one of the cytokines and its expression is regulated by dietary immunostimulatory organization in fish [36]. IL-1β and IL-6 are other proinflammatory cytokines that induce inflammation and immune response [37]. These cytokines are molecules that play an important role in the regulation of the immune system and inflammatory events in the organism. It has been reported that mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines in fish is upregulated after exposure to environmental pollutants [38,39].
Human immune system inspired framework for disruption handling in manufacturing Process
Published in International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 2019
Z.A. Khan, M T Khan, I Ul Haq, J Iqbal, M Tufail
The second stage of the methodology mimics the action of immune mechanism as present in living organisms in nature. The human macrophage and neutrophil cells detect any foreign pathogen intrusion. The T cells generate special type of interleukin 1, 2, 3 signals corresponding to the foreign pathogen and activate the exponential clonal expansion of B cells; these provide enough antibodies to load the threat (pathogen) and render it harmless. In a similar manner, manufacturing plant may be presented in terms of cell agents, such that, it receives normal data from the control architecture. As per the immune system analogy, the real data (i.e. antigen) and the virtual data (i.e. APC) are then compared with the normal process data (i.e. normal body cell). The data comparison is carried out continuously in each scan. When an anomaly is detected, it is presented to the concerned B and T agents. The generated antibodies provide the proper reaction. This reaction is defined in a reference database that consist of a list of reactions with respect to individual event. This methodology introduces a further enhancement to the natural immune system (already in literature). A fault tolerant agent is introduced which dynamically (per scan) evaluates the anomaly. Based on the weightages assigned to the fault bits the fault tolerant agent smartly decides the production flow to avoid wastages, mitigate down time and add to consumer-centric value.
Lung tissue inflammatory response and pneumonocyte apoptosis of Sprague-Dawley rats after a 30-day exposure in methyl mercaptan vapor
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2021
Lu Jiang, Jingjing Fang, Kexian Li, Xinhong Xu, Jiangbo Qiao
Interleukins are a group of cytokines that secrete proteins and signal molecules, and were first seen to be expressed by white blood cells (Brocker et al. 2010). The function of the immune system depends in a large part on interleukins, and rare deficiencies of a number of them have been described, all featuring autoimmune diseases or immune deficiency. They promote the development and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes, and hematopoietic cells (Ben et al. 2011). Interleukin receptors on astrocytes in the hippocampus are also known to be involved in the development of spatial memories in rats. Although the changes of neutrophils in blood were not found in this study, the decrease of cytokine IL-4 and IL-8 in serum and lung tissue was observed. When methyl mercaptan enters the body from the respiratory system, it reacts rapidly with the respiratory epithelial cell protein to form a protein adduct, which is a marker of the exposure level. Continuous exposure may cause respiratory tract permeability, cell signal transduction, and the changes of increasing respiratory sensitivity of receptors. When epithelial cells are stimulated, they secrete cytokines that cause inflammation (Pfeffer, Kelly, and Hawrylowicz 2013). It was found that when the respiratory tract is inflamed, plasma protein can seep through the blood vessels, prompting plasma content to enter the airway from the airway barrier (vascular endothelium, basement membrane, tissue gap, etc). Park et al. (1999) took occupation asthma patients as their research object, and through the bronchial provocation test observed activation of neutrophils and the elevated level of IL8.