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Emollient Esters and Oils
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
John Carson, Kevin F. Gallagher
Both EPA (C20:5) and DHA (C22:6) play an important role in human nutrition and biophysioiogy because they are precursors to prostaglandins, a class of biologically active compounds which help to control a variety of metabolic functions. Prostaglandins are made in the "arachidonic acid cascade." There are a number of sources of valuable information concerning the metabolism of these fatty acids.
paniculata (C.B. Clarke) Munir Leaves on Various Gastric Aggressive Factors
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Phytomedicine, 2020
P. S. Sreeja, K. Arunachalam, Parimelazhagan Thangaraj
Prostaglandins are small lipid molecules that have biological actions in various tissues and processes in the body, such as platelet aggregation, renal function, release of neurotransmitters, modulation of the immune response (Tarnawski et al. 2013), and an important role in the defense of the gastric mucosa. The endogenous prostaglandins originate from arachidonic acid through the oxidation by the constitutive COX-1, as well as by the induced isoform (COX-2); these are described as catalysts for the conversion of the arachidonic acid for the endoperoxide H2 (PGH2) and prostaglandin that serve as substrates for the biosynthesis of prostanoids (PGE2, PGF2α, PGD2, PGI2, and Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) (Hata and Breyer 2004).
Development of Ophthalmic Formulations
Published in Sandeep Nema, John D. Ludwig, Parenteral Medications, 2019
Paramita Sarkar, Martin Coffey, Mohannad Shawer
Glaucoma is a sight-threatening optic neuropathy. The disease is characterized by increased IOP, excavation of the optic nerve head, reduction in the number of retinal ganglion cells, and a resultant progressive loss of visual field. Elevated IOP is a major risk factor, and available antiglaucoma drugs treat this facet of the disease. The most common form of the disease is open-angle glaucoma in which IOP rises as a result of decreased outflow of aqueous humor through the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm’s canal. Antiglaucoma drugs may act by decreasing aqueous humor production or increasing aqueous humor outflow (via the trabecular meshwork or the uveoscleral pathway) [65]. Drugs that affect aqueous humor production include beta-2-adrenergic receptor agonists, beta-1-adrenergic receptor agonists, alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. The newest category of drugs used in the treatment for glaucoma is the prostaglandin analogs that affect aqueous humor outflow [66,67]. Most of these products need to be dosed once or twice daily. The prostaglandin analogs, however, have certain side effects associated with them, namely, iris hyperpigmentation and change in the length, color, and thickness of eyelashes; hyperemia; and pruritus.
Oleuropein attenuates the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-perturbing effects on pancreatic β-cells
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2021
Eun Mi Choi, Kwang Sik Suh, Soo Jin Yun, Jinsun Park, So Young Park, Sang Ouk Chin, Suk Chon
Prostaglandins (PG) are a class of eicosanoids that are formed downstream to the release of arachidonic acid. We determined the effect of TCDD treatment on PGE2 release in INS-1 cells using an enzyme immunoassay. When treated with TCDD, INS-1 cells produced robust amounts of PGE2 compared to the untreated control (Figure 2A). Arachidonic acid is released from membrane phospholipids by the action of the different isoforms of phospholipases A2 (PLA2) and converted into PGs by the action of cyclooxygenases (COXs). Because COXs are the rate-limiting step in the release of eicosanoids, we measured the effect of TCDD on COX levels in INS-1 cultures. COX-1 levels were significantly increased by TCDD treatment (Figure 2B). To determine the effect of TCDD treatment on phospholipase levels in INS-1 cells, we performed an enzyme immunoassay on whole cell lysates as described above. TCDD increased iPLA2 level (Figure 2C) but had no effect on Group 10 secretory phospholipase A2 (PLA2G10) level (Figure 2D). To evaluate the inhibitory effect of oleuropein on TCDD-induced PGE2 synthesis, INS-1 cells were pre-incubated with various concentrations of oleuropein for 30 min and then stimulated with TCDD (10 nM). As shown in Figure 3A and B, TCDD-induced PGE2 and COX-1 production was inhibited by oleuropein pretreatment in a concentration-dependent manner, respectively. Additionally, we found that oleuropein deceased the levels of iPLA2 and PLA2G10 in the presence of 10 nM TCDD at concentrations of 0.1–10 µM and 10 µM, respectively (Figure 3C and D).
Rediscovering the discovered: the new paradigm in repurposing drugs
Published in Indian Chemical Engineer, 2020
Togapur Pavan Kumar, Srivari Chandrasekhar, Prathama S. Mainkar
CSIR-IICT is known for repurposing of drugs resulting in the availability of cost-effective drugs in the market. It earlier developed the process for the prostaglandin-based drug, misoprostol, which is used to prevent gastric ulcers, treat miscarriage, induce labour and abortion. It developed technology for Azidothymidine (AZT), an expensive drug used in the disease treatment of AIDS. CSIR-IICT developed an indigenous process that resulted in bringing down the costs of the drug in the world market. A new and highly cost-effective route for azido thymidine was also developed from D-xylose.