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Strategies, Design, and Chemistry in Small Interfering RNA Delivery Vehicle Systems for Cancer Therapy
Published in Loutfy H. Madkour, Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery in Cancer Treatment, 2022
Phospholipids are natural components of cell membranes that form lipid bilayers [239]. Liposomes have been developed as drug delivery carriers using a variety of synthetic lipids [239]. They have been widely used to encapsulate small molecule drugs for treating diseases in humans, most notably Doxil for breast cancer and AmBisome for fungal infection [239]. For example, the formulation of Doxil is composed of doxorubicin, methoxypolyethylene glycol 2000–1,2- distearoyl-sn-glycero-3 phosphoethanolamine (MPEG-DSPE), hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine, and cholesterol [239]. These previous studies provide important guidance for the development of lipid-based siRNA delivery systems.
Green Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Spectroscopic Applications
Published in Kaushik Pal, Nanomaterials for Spectroscopic Applications, 2021
Muammer Din Arit, Md Asadur Rahman, Md Mahmudul Hague Milu, Abu Bakar Siddik, Md Enamul Hogue
Atherosclerosis is an aggregation of lipids and fibrotic content as a result of the aging and unhealthy living style that thicken and toughen the artery’s walls. Both arterial plaques are also liable for problems that may contribute to life threats such as strokes and myocardial infarction. Effective detection of the condition and recognition of abnormal atherosclerotic plaques tend to be difficult. The formation of atherosclerotic plaques is an inflammatory mechanism that in both early and late phases of the condition induces the aggregation of macrophages in the artery walls. A group of researchers proposed a new SERS technique for detecting a staged development of atherosclerosis (Dugandžić et al., 2018). It was focused on the usage, by way of SERS, of the labeled golden NPs. The reported findings shape the foundation of a possible animal model in vivo research. The synthesis of branched gold NPs in the existence of PVP K-55 and trisodium citrate has been documented as a result of reductions in tetrachloroauric acid with hydrazine hydrate.
Alternate Feedstocks
Published in James G. Speight, Refinery Feedstocks, 2020
On the other hand, lipid derivatives are very diverse in both their respective structures and functions. These diverse compounds that make up the lipid family are so grouped because they are insoluble in water (hydrophobic). They are also soluble in other organic solvents such as ether, acetone, and other lipids. Lipids serve a variety of important functions in living organisms and also act as chemical messengers, serve as valuable energy sources, provide insulation, and are the main components of membranes. Major lipid derivatives include phospholipids derivatives (Figure 9.2).
A bioanalytical approach for assessing the effects of soil extracts from solid waste dumpsite in Calabar (Nigeria) on lipid and estrogenic signaling of fish Poeciliopsis lucida hepatocellular carcinoma-1 cells in vitro and in vivo African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2023
Oju Richard Ibor, Essa Ahsan Khan, Augustine Arkuwe
The control of bioenergetics is important for optimal physiology, survival and functioning in organisms, and alterations of this homeostatic balance attributed to their contaminant exposure may lead to chronic disease states (Barbosa et al. 2023; Dale et al. 2020). Lipids are biomolecules employed as metabolic triggers, essential components of cellular membranes and signaling molecules (Forman et al. 1997). To control essential components of normal physiology (Forman, Chen, and Evans 1997), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are regarded as super regulating substances of lipid balance by control of the equilibrium between usage and storage of fatty acids (FAs). PPARs belong to the superfamily of nuclear hormone receptor (Leaver et al. 2007), that control adipose tissue differentiation, cell proliferation and tissue repair, regulation of energy balance (Michalik et al. 2006; Qi, Zhu, and Reddy 2000). The expression of ppar-α and ppar-γ are relatively important, as these receptors may compete for the same ligands, the retinoid x receptor (rxr, their dimerization partner), and other cofactors (Qi, Zhu, and Reddy 2000).
Multiple inhibitory effects of succinic acid on Microcystis aeruginosa: morphology, metabolomics, and gene expression
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Yi-dong Chen, Chu Zhao, Xiao-yu Zhu, Yuan Zhu, Ru-nan Tian
Lipids are an important part of the cell system, constituting the cell barrier and membrane matrix, participating in signal transduction in cells, and storing energy. Changes in membrane lipid content are considered to be an important way for organisms to cope with environmental stress [36]. In this study, some fatty acids (such as palmitoleic acid and docosatrienoic acid) in the treatment group were up-regulated, indicating that the biosynthesis of some fatty acids increased. Previous studies have shown that plants can change their fatty acid component under environmental stress [37]. These studies are consistent with our findings on the changes in the fatty acid component of M. aeruginosa under allelochemicals stress. The content of some lipid molecules (such as PA (18:1/18:2), PC (4:0/16:3), PG (18:1/18:1) and trans-Cinnamic acid) decreased, indicating that components of the cell membrane changed significantly, negatively influencing physiological function. The decreased metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids is closely related to the deterioration of membrane fluidity and osmotic stress [38].
The effect of 10 days of energy-deficit diet and high-intensity exercise training on the plasma high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) level among healthy collegiate males
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2022
Mohamed Nashrudin Naharudin, Ashril Yusof
In general, the term lipid profile refers to circulating lipid entities such as triglycerides, cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) which are important biomarkers for overall health and the risk of cardiovascular heart diseases (CHDs) (Ali, Wonnerth, Huber, & Wojta, 2012; Kosmas et al., 2018). Moderate dietary deprivation practice i.e. omitting 20–40% of daily calorie intake (Ferguson et al., 2009; Fontana, Meyer, Klein, & Holloszy, 2004; Rolland, Mavroeidi, Johnston, & Broom, 2013) and endurance-type physical activity (Ali et al., 2012; Kiens et al., 1980; Leaf, 2003; Leon, Rao, Skinner, Wilmore, & Bouchard, 2016; Lira et al., 2010; Wallace, Moffatt, Haymes, & Green, 1991) have been widely recommended as effective and cost-free strategies to improve the lipid profiles by increasing HDL and reducing TG and LDL. However, it is still unclear whether the combination of acute dietary deprivation and high-intensity training could lead to alterations in the lipid profiles and specifically HDL synthesis for better health outcomes.