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Epigenetic and Metabolic Alterations in Cancer Cells: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2020
Emerging studies have revealed that epigenetic regulation of gene expression and cellular metabolism are highly intertwined. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression comprises a multitude of mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs. Almost all of the epigenetic mechanisms could be influenced by metabolic alterations, and metabolic regulation of the epigenetic machinery represents an important mechanism to modulate cellular activities in response to environmental clues. Interplay of epigenetics and metabolism is tightly regulated under physiological conditions, and their deregulation plays an important role in tumorigenesis.
Biological Effects of Millimeter and Submillimeter Waves
Published in Ben Greenebaum, Frank Barnes, Biological and Medical Aspects of Electromagnetic Fields, 2018
Stanislav I. Alekseev, Marvin C. Ziskin
Gene expression is a process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product. These products are often proteins. Disturbances in gene expression if they are accompanied with DNA damage may result in serious medical conditions including cancer. That is why the studies of mm wave effects on gene expression and DNA damage, genotoxic effects, are very important and attract the efforts of the scientific community.
Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Epigenetic is referred to the heritable changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype without any alterations in the DNA sequence, and its mechanisms include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and expression of noncoding RNAs. A growing body of evidence has been implicated on the role of environmental exposures, particularly in early development, in the induction of epigenetic changes that may be transmitted in subsequent generations or may serve as a basis of diseases developed later in life. Furthermore, it has become so likely that epigenetics contribute to the causes or transmission of chronic disorders from one generation to another1115 (Figure 7.74).
Drivers to improve metal(loid) phytoextraction with a focus on microbial degradation of dissolved organic matter in soils
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2023
Justine Garraud, Hélène Plihon, Hervé Capiaux, Cécile Le Guern, Michel Mench, Thierry Lebeau
Various mechanisms have been put forward to explain the hyperaccumulation trait, which rely on: (i) different regulation of gene expression. In particular, a constitutive overexpression of genes encoding transmembrane transporters, such as members of Zinc-regulated, Iron-regulated transporter-like Protein (ZIP), Heavy Metal transporting ATPases (HMA), Multidrug And Toxin Efflux (MATE), Yellow-stripe 1-like (YSL) and Metal Transporter Proteins (MTP) families are key players in driving the uptake, translocation to leaves and, finally, sequestration in vacuoles or cell walls of great amounts of metal(loid)s and with trait evolution being associated with regulatory change in gene expression (reviewed by Verbruggen et al.2009; Rascio and Navari-Izzo 2011; DalCorso et al.2013)), (ii) acidification of rhizosphere soils and release of organic materials by roots to increase element availability, although hyperaccumulation can sometimes be observed without this acidification (Kim et al.2007), and (iii) roots positively proliferate in patches of high metal(loid) availability while non-accumulators actively avoid these areas (Tognacchini et al.2020). Based on these mechanisms, it is reasonable to assume that processes based on increasing the pool of available metal(loid)s would only marginally increase accumulation performance of hyperaccumulators (Table 1).
Deep multi-modal fusion network with gated unit for breast cancer survival prediction
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Our study uses the METABRIC dataset, from the International Breast Cancer Society’s Molecular Classification Database, which aims to further classify breast cancer tumors based on molecular features that help determine the best course of treatment (METABRIC Group, 2012). This dataset has metabolic tracking data for 1980 authentic breast cancer patients, details of which are presented in Table 1. The information for each breast cancer patient is derived from data in three modalities: clinical data, CNA data, and gene expression data. Clinical characteristics include patient age, tumor size, tumor stage and grade, receptor status, etc., as detailed in Table 2. The copy number of the genome changes during cancer development, and each CNA data represents the copy number of a specific gene in a specific sample. Gene expression is the process of synthesizing genetic information from genes into functional gene products. Different types of cancer cause different gene expression patterns in humans, and each gene expression data indicates the expression level of a specific gene in a specific sample.
The interplay between DNA methylation and cardiac autonomic system functioning: a systematic review
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Nayara Cristina Dos Santos Oliveira, Fernanda Serpeloni, Simone Gonçalves de Assis
Epigenetics refers to a dynamic and biological phenomenon that may be heritable and sensitive to environmental factors, which appears to influence the cardiovascular autonomic regulation (Figure 1). Epigenetic mechanisms involve modifications of histone proteins and non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs and DNAm, which regulate gene expression profiles without altering the DNA sequence but instead through chromatin reorganization (Allis and Jenuwein 2016). This review focuses on the DNAm because it has been linked to several cardiovascular-related biomarkers (Baccarelli et al. 2010; Rosa-Garrido et al. 2018). DNAm is the addition of a methyl group to the 5′ position of cytosine in CpG dinucleotides (CpGs), at promoters and other regions (Jones 2012). Patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, for instance, exhibited lower global DNAm status in peripheral blood leukocytes (Castro et al. 2003).