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Reliable Biomedical Applications Using AI Models
Published in Punit Gupta, Dinesh Kumar Saini, Rohit Verma, Healthcare Solutions Using Machine Learning and Informatics, 2023
Shambhavi Mishra, Tanveer Ahmed, Vipul Mishra
The three basic steps in the biological process for gene expression are transcription, RNA processing, and translation.Transcription makes RNA molecules (also known as RNA (premRNA)), which are basically replicas of the DNA reproduced in gene structure.In RNA processing, RNA (pre-mRNA) goes into a new RNA module known as messenger RNA(mRNA).In translation, the mRNA sequence is translated into a protein molecule.
RNA Regulation and Function in Nature
Published in Peixuan Guo, Kirill A. Afonin, RNA Nanotechnology and Therapeutics, 2022
Zhefeng Li, Daniel W. Binzel, Peixuan Guo
As the middle component of the central dogma, in nature, RNA is produced through transcription of DNA. Following the central dogma, the most well-known function of RNA is messenger RNA (mRNA) in which RNA serves as the template for protein production (Beelman & Parker, 1995, Weissman & Kariko, 2015). In eukaryotes, following the transcription of DNA into RNA, the RNA is then processed into mRNA through splicing, capping, and polyadenylation of the raw RNA production. This processes the RNA into mRNA by selecting exons and merging them together, while introns are excluded and processed into ncRNAs. Matured mRNA carrying the sequence information and guide ribosome machinery is then used to synthesize its coded protein. At the conclusion of the protein synthesis, the mRNA is then degraded in order to prevent overexpression of any given gene (Beelman & Parker, 1995). Additionally, in some so-called ribovirus (e.g., Ebola virus, SARS, hepatitis C, etc.), RNA by itself can serve as the genome that can self-replicate through several pathways according to the form of RNA genome. These genomic RNAs can be either double-stranded or single-stranded and can be replicated by RNA replicase or hijack the host for reproduction by reverse transcription mechanism.
Escherichia coli
Published in Yoshikatsu Murooka, Tadayuki Imanaka, Recombinant Microbes for Industrial and Agricultural Applications, 2020
Hisashi Yasueda, Hiroshi Matsui
The initial step in gene expression is the initiation of transcription. This event takes place by an interaction between RNA polymerase and the promoter region. The E. coli promoter has two blocks of conserved sequences, which are respectively 5'-TTGACA-31, located at position -35 and 5f -TATAAT-3' (the Pribnow box) located at position -10 from the transcriptional initiation site. The promoters employed in the overproduction process need to be both strong and regulat-able.
A gravity inspired clustering algorithm for gene selection from high-dimensional microarray data
Published in The Imaging Science Journal, 2023
P. Jayashree, V. Brindha, P. Karthik
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is a molecule composed of two chains of complex organic molecules called nucleotides. A gene is a sequence of nucleotides within a DNA molecule which stores the content about the synthesis of a ‘gene product’, determining the way a living organism is built and the way it functions. There are four types of nucleotides, by interleaving of which, a DNA strand is formed. These types are designated A (adenine), G (guanine), C (cytosine), and T (thymine). A DNA strand contains chains of nucleotides (called polynucleotide strands) which coil around each other and are bound by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide pairs (called base pairs). The nucleotide types A and T are complementary to each other, with G and C being the other complementary pair. In order for the information present in genes to be expressed, a process called transcription occurs, which converts the encoded information into physical or chemical artefacts in the body of the organism.
The roles of membrane transporters in arsenic uptake, translocation and detoxification in plants
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Transcriptional regulation is an early event during gene expression, which is largely controlled by transcription factors (Carroll, 2005; Castrillo et al., 2011). Although the uptake and translocation of As(III) by aquaporins have been well studied in plants, the underlying mechanisms of how aquaporins respond to As(III) in plants are largely unknown. Recently, a R2R3 MYB transcription factor, OsARM1, has been suggested as a negative-regulator for As(III) transport in rice (Wang, Chen et al., 2017). OsARM1 was thought to be able to directly bind to the promoter regions of OsLsi1, OsLsi2, and OsLsi6 in rice as well as AtNIP1;1, AtNIP3;1, and AtNIP5;1 in Arabidopsis and regulate the uptake and root-to-shoot translocation of As(III) by weakly suppressing the expression of these genes (Wang, Chen et al., 2017). Knocking out OsARM1 resulted in enhanced As translocation from roots to shoots in rice while overexpression of OsARM1 showed reduced As translocation after exposure to As(III) (Wang, Chen et al., 2017).
Social and Cultural Perceptions Regarding Food Security and Health in the Departments of Bolivar and La Guajira, in the Caribbean Region of Colombia
Published in Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 2018
Paula Judith Perez Espitia, Sofia Lissbrant, Lina Moyano-Tamara
In qualitative research, the step between data collection and data analysis should not be ignored. This step is known as transcription. This step is especially important in qualitative research due to different variabilities when collecting research data.12 Analysis of transcribed interviews was done for recorded interviews. A protocol transcription was done for analysis of participatory workshops. Theses protocols included notes from the field diary and perceptions regarding research activities done by researchers and researchers’ assistants.